Analysing And Contrasting Two Poems Essay

The poet has described the sound of the whistle as a melody, which gives us the impression of a sound, which is very popular to the workers and a part of their daily routines. â€Å"The melody men & women built lives around†. This gives us an image of the workers being very unhappy with their Jobs because it mentioned that they have built lives around work. This implies that either they have been forced to work or that they have no other option to choose from because they have had to change their lifestyles to adapt to their jobs. The poet has compared the whistle to a queen bee by using a simile, â€Å"Sonorous as the queen bee’s fat hum drawing workers from the flowers back to the colonized heart. † This is a very good comparison because it shows how the whistle is similar to the queen bee. The whistles â€Å"Syncopation† wakes up the workers where as the â€Å"queen bee’s fat hum† calls the working bees from the flowers and back to the beehive, which is also the workplace of all the people. The workplace is referred to as the â€Å"colonized heart† because all the workers make up a single colony or a strong organisation, which is the key ingredient to a company, as if the heart is to the humans. Without the heart, we are nothing and the same goes for the workplace, no workers means no business. The whistle is also known to be loud. The first nine lines are a very effective part of the poem as it not only sets the scene but also describes what the whistle is and what it exactly does. The poet has now decided to begin to describe where the workers work. He does this by describing a piece of machinery, â€Å"a titanous puff of steam rose from the dragon trapped below iron, bricks and wood†. This quote is an example of personification because the â€Å"dragon trapped below† has been given a living characteristic which is the dragon. The poet gives us an image of fire by using a dragon, which is known to breathe fire. This image also gives us the idea that the workplace could possibly be a factory of some kind. This image of a dragon breathing out fire seem as though it would come from a child’s point of view especially because the image of a dragon is a myth. This nostalgic way of writing is very effective because it puts a clearer image of what exactly goes on and with this writing technique, many writers can create good linguistic devises. The next couple of lines give us a clearer view of what the factory could be. I believe that the factory could be a logging mill, â€Å"the whole black machine shuddered: blue jays & red birds wove light through leaves & something dead under the foundation brought worms to life†. The reason I believe it could be a logging mill is that I get the impression from this quote that a tree is being pulled out of the soil and worms are being exposed to the outside world. I believe that the â€Å"whole black machine† could be a piece of machinery, which is pulling the tree out of the ground. By doing this the wildlife, such as birds, which live in the tree, have been frightened by the sudden movement. The movement of the tree has now exposed the worms to sunlight, which has also caused sudden movement. I believe that this is the true meaning, however, Yusef Komunyakaa could be implying something totalling different. The black machine could be the whistle, which caused a loud vibration, which led to the sudden movement of the birds. This whistle has people working and waking up the foremen and employers. Yusef Komunyakaa could also be implying that the foremen are worms considering that they are white. Lines eighteen to twenty discuss the narrative of the men arriving to work, â€Å"men capped their thermoses, switched off Loretta Lynn, & slid from trucks and cars†. These lines are very unambiguous and straightforward. These three lines allow us to set a date the poem was written in. The poet mentioning Loretta Lynn allows us to date the poem because we know that she was a country singer and she made a number one hit in 1961. From this, we now know that the poem was probably written during the 1960’s. The poet has now described more about what the workers jobs consist of and I believe that this gives more evidence backing my prediction of the factory being a logging mill, â€Å"the rip saws throttled and swung out over logs on conveyer belts†. Here the poet has used personification to Describe the ripsaws. The word throttled means to strangle or choke. This gives us an image of aggression, however, up until this point of the poem there has been no mention of violence, this foreshadows something, which could possible happen later on in the poem. The equipment which have been described are heavy duty machinery, by this we understand that the logging mill is a very big factory and this leads to the question of, how many workers there are?

High School and Football Essay

The game of football has become an extremely popular sport over the years. It has two separate professional leagues, the CFL (Canadian) and the NFL (National Football League). While the NFL is the more popular league, the CFL is a very fast growing league in its own right. Football is played everywhere in Canada, especially in high schools. However, the Avon Maitland School Board has banned football as an extra-curricular sport, and stopped funding it, in its high schools. I feel that this is wrong. Football should be an extracurricular sport in every Avon Maitland high school because it has many physical and mental benefits, and it can bring an entire community together. How could the School Board say no to a sport that is full of benefits? Football is a sport that requires a lot of physical contact. This can cause some problems as injuries can occur. The most common and serious ones are concussions. To prevent this, schools can implement tough rules and penalties, which are similar to a professional league for the safety of the student-athletes. The NFL has disciplined many players recently for violent and unnecessary hits. They have created a rule stating that helmet-to-helmet hits are illegal. I feel that schools could implement his kind of a system to protect the student-athletes. Students who do not follow the strict rules that have been placed down will be punished. The severity of the punishment will range from a suspension to being kicked off the team permanently. With these, strict punishments being laid out I feel that students will follow the rules. The students that choose to play by these rules will gain many benefits from the sport of football, both physical and mental. Playing the game of football comes with many physical and mental benefits. It improves your strength, cardio, and speed. Also, due to the amount of physical activity it involves, it can lower the risk of diseases such as heart disease and diabetes. The mental aspect of the game will make you mentally stronger, and an increasingly better strategist. It makes you more responsible and a better listener. Playing football also increases the blood flow to your brain, which will keep you more alert in class. This could benefit your marks. Calvin is a student from another school district. He plays for the football team at his high school. Calvin talks about his typical school day. I awake at 6:30 am to get ready for my morning jog. I jogged from one end of the city to the other in 1 hour. I then consumed my breakfast and sprinted to school. The school is about 5 kilometers away from my house. I arrive at the school with some sweat dripping down my forehead. But I do not feel exhausted at all. I am on time for my class, as usual. The teacher gives us an insightful lecture. I grasped a lot of what he was talking about. After lunch, my friends and I play some football. I then head off to my last class of the day. I completely understand what the teacher is talking about. We then have a surprise quiz. I breeze through all of the questions and feel very confident about my mark. The bell rings for the end of the school day. I then get ready for football practice. Calvin is very physically fit and mentally strong due to the fact that he plays football on a daily basis. He plays for the school team, and with his friends. He is a prime example of the positive effects that football can have on teenagers. The word discipline is a word that gets thrown around a lot when talking about football. Discipline is key word to use when talking about football. You need discipline in order to play successfully and to listen to your coaches. It can be very beneficial. A typical football practice can be brutal. This is an average student’s account of a typical practice. The sun is out and it is 30 degrees outside. The coach makes everyone run suicides to warm up. Everyone is already dripping sweat. We then run wind-sprints for 20 minutes, in the sweltering heat of the sun. I, for one, am exhausted and ready to just leave and go home. The coach motivates me to keep going though. The grass is burnt to a crisp and every member of the team is drenched in sweat. We practice a couple of plays, running constantly throughout. The coach then tells us to run twenty suicides and then hit the showers. I am panting like a dog during each individual suicide, but I made it. That was a very grueling practice. A media example of discipline in football is the story of Camp Kilpatrick. It is a juvenile detention center for kids that are having problems with street gangs, drug dealing, etc. Statistics show that 75% of the residents eventually either go to jail or die. Sean Porter is a worker at Camp Kilpatrick and he gets sick of seeing this stat over and over. He decided to take action and comes up with the idea of creating a football team to teach the teenage inmates what it takes to be responsible, mature, and winners. At first, two of the kids from rival gangs constantly fought and didn’t work well as a team. This is a repeated event and one of the kids, Calvin Owens, gets shot by the rival gang and is hurt badly. Sean disciplines the kids and they eventually get along together and form a formidable football team of teenagers. After the season is over, the kids go on to have successful lives beyond the street gangs that they grew up in. If they had not played football and learned responsibility and become disciplined, who know what those kids could’ve gotten in to after they got released from the camp. 24 of the kids are now going to school, three of them are working full-time jobs, and only five went back to jail. That is increasingly better than the 75% rate, which is the amount of the kids at the juvenile detention center that go back to jail. This story shows how important the game of football can be, even to high school kids. It also shows how powerful football can be. Imagine what it could do to troubled teens in Avon Maitland high schools. It is so powerful that it can even bring an entire community together. Football can also bring a community together, which not many sports can do. Since football is an expensive game to play, it will require fundraising from the whole school . This in itself can bring an entire school together. The entire state of Texas is a huge example of football bringing communities together. They have thirteen different college football teams from every part of the state of Texas. Every game is sold out and many people from different communities come to cheer the team on. If college teams can bring out crowds like those, why can’t high school teams? The same effect can happen if a big Stratford team is created. Not only will a lot of the city come to see them play, but nearby cities will come too. Cities like St. Mary’s and Mitchell will come every week to see the local team play. Also, if the school chooses to charge money for tickets the school will generate a lot of revenue. Concession stands can be opened up as well, with many local eateries. The city will generate more tourism as well. For example, if every Friday night is a home game for the school team, it will become a weekly get together for the whole town, and other towns, to cheer the home-town team on. This can bring the community together, thus making them stand out from other cities/towns. In conclusion, the Avon Maitland School Board is making a huge mistake. I truly believe that football should not be banned as an extra-curricular sport by the board. Football should be an extra-curricular sport in every Avon Maitland high school because it has physical and mental benefits and it can also bring an entire community together. The benefits definitely outweigh the problems. So I ask this, how can the School Board ban a sport like football?

How Important Is Recycling In Society Environmental Sciences Essay

RecyclingA is a procedure of utilizing waste stuffs into new merchandises to forestall wastage of utile stuffs, reduces the ingestion of fresh natural stuffs, reduceA use of energy, reduces chiefly land pollution and H2O pollution by cut downing the demand for â€Å" conventional † waste disposal. Recycling is a cardinal constituent of cut downing modern waste and is the 3rd constituent of the 3R constructs that are â€Å" Reduce, Reuse, Recycle † A . The recycling symbolA is recognizedA symbolA used to designateA recyclableA stuffs internationally. It is composed of three trailing pointers that form an ageless cringle. Recycling has been a common pattern for most of human history, with recorded of advocators as far back as Plato in 400 BC.A During periods when resources are rare, archeological surveies of ancient mopess wastes show less household waste ( such as ashes, broken tools and clayware ) -implying more waste were being recycled in the absence of new stuff. In pre-industrial times, there is grounds of bit bronze and other metals are collected in Europe and melted down for ageless reuse.A In Britain dust and ash from the wood fires and coal fires was collected by â€Å" scavengers † and downcycled as the basic stuff used in the industry of bricks.A The chief driver of these types of recycling was the economic advantage of obtaining recycled feedstock alternatively of geting virgin stuff, and every bit good as the deficiency of public waste remotion in more dumbly populated countries. In 1813, Benjamin Law developed the procedure of turning in shred into â€Å" cheapjack † and â€Å" mungo † wool in Batley, Yorkshire.A This stuff recycled combined fibers with virgin wool.A Industry West Yorkshire in towns such as Batley and Dewsbury, lasted from the early nineteenth century at least 1914. Industrialization has increased the demand for stuffs, aside from shreds, ferric scrapped metals were desired because they were cheaper to purchase than that of virgin ore.A Railways both bought and sold bit metal in the nineteenth century, and the turning steel and automotive industries progressively purchased bit in the early twentieth century.A Many secondary merchandises have been collected, processed and sold by the peddlers who combed mopess, streets, and went door to door in hunt of cast-off machines, pots, pans, and otherA metal sources.A By the World War I, 1000s of merchandisers roamed the streets of metropoliss in the U.S. , taking advantage of market forces to recycle post-consumer stuffs back into industrial production. Wartime Resource deficits caused by World Wars, and other events that change the universe greatly encouraged recycling.A Extensive authorities publicity runs have been carried out in the Second World War in every states involved in the war, coercing citizens to donate metals and preserve fibre, as a affair of important loyal importance.A For illustration in 1939, Britain launched a plan called Paper Salvage where this is to promote recycling of stuffs to help the war effort.A Resource preservation plans established during the war were continued in some states without an copiousness of natural resources, like Japan after the war ended. Postwar The following major investing in recycling occurred in the seventiess due to lifting energy costs.A Recycling aluminium uses merely 5 % of the energy required by virgin production, glass, paper and metals have less dramatic but really important energy when recycled feedstock is used. Importance of recycling Recycling is indispensable to both to human existences and its surrounding environment. Some facts about how rubbish that we produce is invariably increasing: I. Population is being increased and that means there are more people to make waste. two. The wealth is being increased and that means people are purchasing more and more merchandises and making more waste finally. three. Lifestyle is being changed, such as devouring more fast nutrient presents, and that means we create extra waste that is non-biodegradable. four. Developing of new technological merchandises and new packaging are being created, most of the stuffs in these merchandises that are non-biodegradable. Importance to people Around the universe, recycling is of import to metropoliss and to the people populating here and at that place in these metropoliss. I. By and large continuing natural resources is indispensable for the future coevalss. The demand for more natural stuffs is reduced by recycling ; it besides minimizes the usage of energy, hence its better continuing natural resources for the hereafter. two. Fiscal outgo is being reduced in the economic system. The merchandises made from the natural stuffs costs much more than if they were made from recycling merchandises. Environmental importance Waste is of import to be recycle as it has a immense negative impact on natural environment.i.Recycling helps to minimise the pollution caused by waste as these waste can let go of risky chemicals and nursery gases to the environment.two. Deforestation can do habitat devastation and planetary heating. the demand for natural stuffs can be reduced by recycling ( e.g: paper recycling ) . three. When merchandises are being made from natural stuffs, big sum of energy are being used. Recycling requires less energy and hence it helps to continue natural resources.Recycling in MauritiusIt has been noted that up until really recently in Mauritius the recycling of waste from family has been referred to a little measure and which are being likely to be neglected. Surely screening of waste and recycling is ineluctable for our spectacless, Sns, plastics and documents. It is true that, some of the larger hypermarkets are interested with fictile bin for aggregation and recycling, but what about the other waste we produced? But this state of affairs is being changed with the act of introducing of in 2007 the NGO of Mission Verte. There is now a proliferation of about 20 recycling centersA in Mauritius. The aboriginal purpose of the NGO is to raise consciousness of the populace about the 3R that is to cut down, re-use and recycle the waste of family. Their attempts aimed greatly at promoting the sorting and sedimentation of documents, composition boards, Sn, plastics and spectacless by the persons for assemblage and collected by local companies for the procedure recycling, but they are besides acute to advance theA compost methodsA of the green waste by the populace. Mare Chicose, created in the 1990s, is place to the island ‘s merely family landfill waste site. However, this landfill is under force per unit area because of the increasing sum of waste created. An sum of 375,000 metric tons of solid waste was created in 2003 ( 1,200 metric tons per twenty-four hours ) , which is expected to increase by 418,000 metric tons in 2014 and 510,000 in 2034. To clear up the state of affairs, the authorities has proposedA the creative activity ofA anA incinerationA plantA which would manage aboutA three quartersA of theA waste createdA andA produceA electricity.A TheA obstacleA is thatA the waste in Mauritius, which is mostly green ( garden waste, veggies, A etc. ) , A non suited for incineration, A andA besides that the chimneyA would haveA major negativeA public wellness, environmental andA economic impacts.A Environmental organizationsA inA MauritiusA recommend that minimizingA the creative activity of waste by enabling the recyclingA andA compost ingA ofA green waste ; A will extendA theA lifetime sufficientlyA landfill site, removingA theA importanceA of an incineratorA orA forA further landfill sites. Screening of waste Bins have been provided in many topographic points in Mauritius to rectify sorting of waste. The Mission Verte organisation provides information cusps about the marks on these bins. Materials that can be recycle in Mauritius Thin composition boards and paper – Thin composition board: bristol paper, for illustration: biscuits boxes, , coffin nail packages, medical specialty boxes etc. Paper: Magazine, handbills, newspaper, envelope and pulling documents, exercising books and telephone books. Note that milk, soap cartons, juice, C paper or dirty paper, wallpapers and wax documents, metalized and plasticized paper ( cocoa or some confects negligees ) can non be recycle. plastic- jar, bottle, container and pots of ‘all ‘ fictile types All types of plastic can now be deposited at: Grand-Bay, Tamarin and Forest-sides.A Merely fictile bottles can be deposited at Floreal, Curepipe, Flacq, Mahebourg, Phoenix and Trianon. aluminum tins and metal- Aluminium tins are discarded in the plastic subdivision Note that Preserves tins, jam tins, aerosols, metallic tray, aluminum pans or dishware can non be recycle in Mauritius. cardboards- All packaging and boxes made of ‘corrugated composition board ‘ can merely be recycle in Mauritius. Note: Dirty containers of pizza, poster board, or other nutrient containers can non be recycle in our island. glass – All glass bottle, jars and pot can be recycle except mirror, porcelains, light bulb and ceramic which can non be recycle in Mauritius. ( glass can merely be recovered at Curepipe terminal )

What Is The Best Way To Impact On The Deer Population Essay

What Is The Best Way To Impact On The Deer Population - Essay Example Unlike most wild beasts, that attack human physically, the deer hurt human beings indirectly but poses great damage. The higher the population of the deer the higher the associated risks and thus it deems necessary to reduce their numbers. As a matter of fact, the hunters believe that wild animals should be kept in low numbers has proved to make more sense in the treatment of deer as compared to animal protectionist. The deer poses problems to the whole community. First, the deer attacks specific plant species to obtaining food. The recorded high population of deer has reduced some indigenous plants rendering some of the extinct. This follows the fact that the animal is selective despite it being observed to consume any green matter during starvation times. On depleting preferred species in the natural forests, the deer community poses a threat to farmers and landowners by attacking their crops. Secondly, the deer is associated with many road accidents with some areas being marked as hotspots. During mating, the buck chases the doe and can easily knock a fast moving vehicle resulting to a mere accident. As a matter of fact, deer accidents reported have been increasing leading to serious injuries or death of both the deer and the vehicle occupants. The worst of all is that, despite over 60% of road accidents being caused by deer, the insurance companies pose questions on the causality of the accident. It is to the knowledge of everyone, starting from the federal government, state government, wildlife protecting organizations, and the whole community that the large population of deer is posing a great threat to human life. Acting in the absence of the federal government, which has no mandate over wildlife, the state communities are now striving to reduce the number of deer in existence as well as reducing the damage. Several methods have been put forward towards achieving this goal. To start with, farmers have taken the forefront to guard their property against d estruction by the deer. Local officials, farmers, and other land-owners especially those living in suburbs have had their property surrounded by fences. Fences vary from the low sized ones used to guide vegetables to over ten-foot high propylene meshed fenced, not to forget electric fences that surround the defended areas leaving the outside ground uncovered. Although this works straight to the fence holder, it cannot be considered a national defense as natural forests as well as road accidents are not taken into consideration. Moreover, the fenced ground portions make the state look more of a prison than a community resident. Having in mind the general risks that the existence of large deer population pose to the community, the best decision would be to reduce their numbers. Arguments on the best method of reducing the population create a great debate, which needs a critical evaluation to obtain, the best and in this case the most effective in solving the problem. However, deer man agement is a societal issue that not only needs proper evaluation but also a considerably enough time to implement. As a matter of fact if an instant solution was to be implemented, then it would invite hunters and poachers who would indeed reverse the game rules to fit their desires. Firstly we have the scientific methods of reducing the population gradually which focus on two physiological processes; nutrition and reproduction. On nutrition, the deer is either poisoned or left to starve. Both of these processes are enhanced by use of certain chemicals.

Biology home worl Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Biology home worl - Essay Example nd shows the status of the daughter strand after the action of DNA polymerase, DNA primase,  and DNA ligase,  and  could represent a final resulting strand sequence  after DNA replication is complete. The DNA polymerase enzyme that was synthesizing the leading daughter strand  in this  example, shown again below, would be producing that daughter strand of  DNA from the right  side of the page toward the  left. In the scenario presented above in question #2, we can also see whats happening on the lagging strand with our snapshot.   The lagging strand (the second daughter strand) is being copied from the parental strand  complementary to the one you deciphered in question #3.  Ã‚   During  DNA synthesis, the replication forks are bi-directional (two forks unzip the DNA helix in both directions), and thus  there are a total of  two DNA polymerase enzymes simultaneously working on this replication  zone.   HINT: look again at your packet from class and the drawing of the replication bubble. An enzyme called __________________ unwinds the double helix, but thank goodness for the enzyme _________________ which is responsible for relieving the coiling or supercoiling ahead of the replication fork.   During the synthesis of DNA, DNA polymerase breaks the bond between the first and second phosphates from an incoming deoxynucleoside triphosphate. In the process, a new bond links two nucleotides together, from the carbon in position # 3 with the carbon atom in position # 5, of the sugar.   You are more likely to be struck by lightning in a given year (based on average Homo sapiens  activity,  which doesnt include those people who stand at the top of a Colorado  alpine ridge with a metal rod in late July), than for a mistake to result from the replication of DNA and not be corrected  (based on the average number of errors per number of nucleotide bases,  after proofreading and DNA repair is complete. DNA can be replicated for the purpose of cell division.   However, the

Star school Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Star school - Essay Example The strength of STAR school lied in its ability to strive for excellence irrespective of socio-economic barriers that existed around it. Its aim was to ensure that children stood first, the class room sessions are as effective as ever and the fact that leadership and accountability are the key areas to success should be inculcated within kids. For this a new in charge of the committee Ackerman was appointed under whom another committee was working that worked to respond more effectively to the requirements to a certain standard. However, it was observed that African American students had been underperforming. They showed lack of interest and had not been able to give result at par with that of native students. As a result of this, even the teachers had been observed lacking interest in teaching these students. The results kept dipping and the African students continued showing major dip in their performance. An â€Å"Excellence for all† strategy has been worked out, the main aim of which is to ensure that students from all kinds of socio-ethnic backgrounds are looked after and there is Excellency of results observed amongst all students enrolled. For this purpose, schools in various districts were evaluated and funds were raised to help refurbish them. It was figured out which were the low performing schools, in what areas were they not performing well and what were the barriers hindering the overall performance of the schools. The Federal government’s help was also sought after while raising funds for sustainability. The central administration of the schools was checked critically and any immediate steps taken. SWOT tools help to analyze and identify key issues for developing future strategies for Star. Emphasis for future should be more on excellence in performance than on quantity in order to improve the results of the African-Latin students and to help their motivation. In the current situation of global

Michelangelo Buonarroti Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Michelangelo Buonarroti - Research Paper Example v-vi). During this period, there was a renewed interest in the symbolism and skill represented in the achievements of the ancient world – the Greeks and early Romans whose ruins still dotted the local landscape. People who lived and worked around these ruins saw them as evidence of a lost golden age of shared culture, reason and creativity. They viewed the frescoes and mosaics as evidence of a society much better off than they were and began working to bring it about in their own world as trade centers began to grow and wealth became more widely available. By the late 1400s, a great deal of artistic practice had grown and the arts had begun to flourish. This was the time of the great masters - Giotto, Da Vinci, Michelangelo. A study of any of these artists reveals the energy and creativity of the age. Because of his position essentially at the height of the Renaissance period, Michelangelo Bounarroti is a logical choice for this type of investigation. His life and his times he lps to explain some of the great sensitivity he had in undertaking his many works of art, including painting, sculpture and architecture, reflecting in each the nature of the creative process that was sweeping through Italy at the time. One of the key characteristics of the Renaissance period was the greater number of educated people with money. Artists in towns like Florence quickly linked the mathematical knowledge of the ancient Greeks and Romans as expressed in their art and architecture to the proportional focus of their own world and realized how this could make their art more representational. These mathematics were a form of shared knowledge between the artists and the businessmen who paid them. â€Å"In an age of non-standard shipping units, one had to be able to calculate contents and quantities of shipments fairly rapidly† (Lemaitre & Lessing, 1993, p. 15). Painters used this foundational knowledge of geometry to depict everyday elements in their paintings that hel ped to convey their deeper intentions to the greatest possible audience. â€Å"In the same way that a painter could reduce the human form or settings to a play of geometrical figures, so could the merchant simplify all things to geometrical configurations† (Lemaitre & Lessing, 1993, p. 15). The melding of mathematics with artistic expression enabled artists to give their figures an impression of weight and volume that presented a more three dimensional appearance. This new ability to create realism within the flat surface of a painting and other forms of expression led artists to continue investigating other ways in which the world was revealed through the senses. This, in turn, contributed to an even greater explosion of thought, design and implementation that would eventually change the world. Michelangelo Buonarroti of Florence was actually born closer to the coast in the town of Caprese in the year 1475. His father was the governor of the town when Michelangelo was born, but he lost this position soon afterward and the family had to move back to Florence. His mother was a frail woman so Michelangelo was given to a wet nurse to care for him. This wet nurse was the daughter and wife of nearby stonecutters, giving the infant child his first taste of stone cutting tools which would one day make him famous. â€Å"

Identify the way in which marketing techniques have been successfully Essay

Identify the way in which marketing techniques have been successfully used to create positive perceptions of a star product - Essay Example Kotler (1991) goes further when he said segmentation is the subdividing of market into homogeneous sub-set of customers, where any subset may conceivably be selected as market target to be reached with distinct market mix. A Nigerian Politician in a campaign speech said, â€Å"Vote for the present IT literate generation, not the old generation who still thinks that Blackberry is a kind of fruit† (El-Rufai, 2010). The truism of this statement underlies the success (Appendix I – III) of Blackberry. Made by Research in Motion since 1999, it is one of the smartphones that incorporates different features such as email, PDA, WiFi, etc. The success of Blackberry phones is seen in the Appendix I which shows the increasing revenues throughout the fiscal year 2009. Today, most phone manufacturers have copied the features of Blackberry phones in other to tap into the lucrative market being enjoyed by Blackberry. Nokia, Samsung, LG, among others have all departed from their traditi onal call phones to smartphone technology being pioneered by Blackberry. 2. Definitions of Market Segmentation To fully understand market segmentation, several definitions by scholars and experts will be analyzed. Market segmentation consists of taking the total heterogeneous markets for a product and dividing it into several sub-markets or segments, each of which tends to be homogenous in full significant aspects (Stanton, 1981). According to American Marketing Association, â€Å"Market segmentation refers to dividing the heterogeneous markets into smaller customer groups having certain homogenous characteristics that can be satisfied by the firm† (Jain, 2010). The foregoing definitions are going to point out that segmentation is a valuable strategy to be adopted by firms that want to increase their market shares and revenues. According to Bose (2010) good market segmentation must have the following qualities: accessible to the firm, for instance, if the law prohibits the fi rm from exporting, you cannot have a market segmentation based on an overseas market. It should be sustainable, the returns from the market should be enough to justify the profit target of the firm and the investment made in the market. If the segment does not justify its profit target, it makes no economic sense. Also, it must be measurable. The size and purchasing power of the members of the segments should be known. Finally, the segment should be responsiveness, that is, the market should respond positively to the firms marketing strategies. According to Dibb and Simkin (1997) a range of benefits arise from the market segmentation. First, the process puts customers first, maximizes resources and emphasizes strengths over competitors. Also, it leads to a more focused company culture and the building of inter and intra organizational relationships. According to Beik and Buzby (1973), the concept of market segmentation may be used for strategic alignment of the firm’s product ive capacities with its existing and potential markets. 3. Types of Market Segmentation Market segmentation can generally be classified into 4 broad categories, viz: Geographic, Demographic, Psychological and Behavioural.

The institution of slavery in the American South of the antebellum Essay

The institution of slavery in the American South of the antebellum period - Essay Example The institution of slavery, as expressed by Zinn Howard in his book â€Å"A people’s history of the United States,† is a vividly visible element of the American history. The institution developed under the watch and possible support of the then governmental administrations and thrived over time. The extent of growth in the institution of slavery in the nineteenth century was evidenced by both increase in the number of slaves and the economic output of products due to efforts of slaves in the period. Zinn for example argues that the number of slaves swiftly grew from about half a million in the beginning of the antebellum period to about four million at the end of the period. Similarly, he notes that the level of output due to slavery’s labor input also increased from a yearly output of a â€Å"thousand tons of cotton† to a â€Å"million tones output† as was reported in the year 1860.... This is because once an individual entered the institution as a slave, he, or she was subjected to be at the owner’s choice location. The owner would for example order for presence of slaves at a particular farm and the slaves would have no alternative but to be there. Similarly, the slaves would work at the owners’ schedules without any right to complain (Zinn, p. 1). At the same time, the laws that could have protected the slave’s interest were undermined. The syndicated institutions that involved management and ownership of the slaves ensured that slavery was practiced without interference of provisions of the law. As a result, any legal requirements that intended to protect the rights and freedom of the slaves at the time were disregarded, subjecting the slaves to torture and suffering. Though the slaves had moments of merry, it was not due to happiness in their lives but an avenue for rejuvenating their hopes in suffering. They for example sang songs of joy amidst physical abuse such as beatings and being chained. The hostile environment to which the slaves were subjected even led to some deaths as were reported between the years 1850 and 1855. The transactional network that could sell a slave away from family members and friends infringed the slaves’ right and freedom of association. This meant a psychological pain of losing friends or relatives with little hope of ever seeing them again or knowing what their fate would be. Such was the pain that one Abream Scriven and his family and friends had to go through when he was sold off by his master in the year 1858 (Zinn, p. 1). Though the slaves seemed to cope with the slavery in a docile, submissive, and helpless attitude that was

HOSPITALITY OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

HOSPITALITY OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT - Case Study Example According to Phillip Kotler the key stages in product and service development are; idea generation, screening of processes, evaluation of concept, product or service development, and commercialization process. With respect to hospitality management the key stages in product and service development are market research, segmentation, idea generation and evaluation, product and service development, and advertising Heineke, & Davis (2007). It is an organized effort to collect relevant information about target customers Akkerman, Farahani, & Grunow, (2010). Market research provides useful information about customer likes, needs, and wants. It is an essential component of business strategy. For hospitality management it is necessary to identify what customers want before the development of any new product or service. It helps the company to develop products and services that meet customers’ expectations and to increase market share. Market segmentation means divide the market into small segments. It is a marketing strategy that segments the large market into small subsets of customers. It facilitates the company to select one or two specific segments and design the products or services according to the needs and wants of those particular segments. It is impossible to satisfy the needs of all customers so companies divide the market into small segments and then designs their products and services according to those segments which they want to serve. Idea generation is the result of market research and segmentation. This process develops the ideas based on customer needs and expectations. Initially companies generate many ideas and then screen them one by one on the basis of the feasibility and opportunity cost. In the idea generation process especially for hospitality management the ideas can be collected from existing loyal customers, employees, media, and also from strong competitors Yu, (2012). After ideas generation

Children and education Essay Example for Free

Children and education Essay ?Children’s mind is considered as white sheets, so it is easy for us to write on them as we want. In fact, some experts believe that children should begin to learn foreign language at primary school. In my opinion, there are many advantages to learn a target language as a child. First of all, the most advantage is they can learn a great number of vocabularies. Take my brother an example. He began studying English when he was six years old. Therefore, he knows many thematic vocabularies. Having graduated from high school, he finds it easy to communicate with foreigners by a wide knowledge. Next, learning foreign language as child helps children to imitate rightly pronunciation of native languages. For example, my daughter in grade two learns English two days a week. She often listens to songs and stories by native’s voice. As a result, she can imitate their voice and rhythm to pronounce rightly. Last but not least, another advantage is they can remember the pattern sentences longer. They can practice some patterns by repetition method. In reality, ones are repeated so many times that they remember them deeply, and that helps them to reflect quickly in context communicate. In brief, with above-mentioned reasons, it is better for children to begin learn foreign language at primary school than at secondary school. They will achieve a wide, strong knowledge as well as their self- confident to enter a bright future. Learning a foreign language at primary school or secondary school is very necessary for children. However, some people think that it is better for children to begin learning a foreign language at primary school rather than secondary school. There are a lot of controversial opinions about this problem. In my opinion, I agree with this statement because of the following reasons. Firstly, learning a foreign language at primary school helps children develop their skills better. Nowadays, children of all primary shcools in the nation have to study the foreign language, mainly English. At primary school, children have focused on learning vocabularies, how to pronounce†¦At this age, the children’s brain is developing so it is very easy for them to learn the foreign language. Moreover, the children of primary school have a lot of time and conditions to learn the foreign language because they have less subjects at school. The chidren should begin learning the foreign language at primary school because it will help them to develope their skills including reading and speaking skill. If the children begin learning the foreign language at secondary school, they will face a lot of difficulties in their study because they do not have the basic knowledge of foreign language. At secondary school, the children have to spent more time on different subjects, therefore they do not have more time to learn the foreign language. Secondly, to begin learning the foreign language at primary school helps the children to pronounce more exactly. The program of teaching and learning the foreign language at primary school and secondary school is different. If the children begin learning the foreign language at secondary school, they will study more skills such as writing, speaking, reading, listening, grammar and new words. Hence, it is not good for children to begin learning the foreign language at secondary school. Unlike the secondary school, the children of primary school only learn the vocabularies, the way of pronunciation and simple sentences. Learning the foreign language at primary school will create many favorable chances for children to prepare firm knowlegde and this hepls them to learn the foreign language at secondary school better. In conclusion, to begin learning the foreign language at primary school is better than secondary school. The children should begin learning the foreign language at primary school because this is an important period that hepls them build basic knowlegde of foreign language.

Case Study - Motivation Essay Example for Free

Case Study Motivation Essay Introduction In this brief introduction, advice for James on how to motivate his Year 5 teachers will be framed by explaining the nature of goal, the dimension of the goal and how it should be set. Secondly, suggestions of the selection of Year 5 teacher will be given. Furthermore, various ways of rewarding the goal achievement will be mentioned while evaluating the role of James during the academic year and the application of goal setting. In addition, unintended consequences of the goal setting methods will be discussed and follow by a conclusion. Nature of goal, Dimension of the goal and how it should be set Refers to Locke (1990 and 1996), goal is an object or aim for an action is the definition of goal and it is something consciously want. Goal can be explained by internal and external factors , goals are thoughts with desired end internally and object or conditions sought externally while a job to be completed is as known as task (Locke 1990 and 1996). In this case, the goal of James is to boost his school average result in NAPLAN test (i.e. the 5 reporting sector ) therefore it is above the national average while the task is to select an appropriate teacher that is able to improve the results of the 5 reporting factors. Dimension of goals can be divided content and intensity and they are not easily separated (Locke 1990). Goal content means the actual object sought and psychological goal that an individual have (Locke 1990 and 1996). Content differs in qualitatively and quantitatively and degree of specificity (Locke 199 0). A positive relationship between goal difficulties and performance is founded, the harder the goal is, the better the achievement (Locke 1996). The second factor is intensity. Intensity refers to the depth of the goal, such as scope and integration of the goal setting process and the importance of the goal, etc (Locke1990). Goals can be set according to S.M.A.R.T. which means that goals must be specific, measurable, assignable, realistic and time-related (Rouillard 2003). A specific goal should be details enough to mention what is to be achieved and accomplished, too general statement is insufficient to motive workers (Rouillard 2003).A goal should be measurable which is quantifiable and provide a standard for comparison while indicate whether the goal is reached (Rouillard 2003). Thirdly, an attainable goal should be able to achievable while challenging, a goal with extreme low and  high expectation is insufficient to motivate (Rouillard 2003). Realistic goal means it is practical, possible and achievable (Rouillard 2003). Time-related means to frame the goal with a given period, an out-dated goal has no effect on motivat ion (Rouillard 2003). In this case, James can set a goal like ‘improve 75% of year 5 students results with a grade improvement in the factors of reading, writing, spelling, grammar and punctuation and numeracy within one semester (6 months)’. Access of candidates In this case, the aim is to improve the students’ results therefore teacher effectiveness is the main consideration. Teacher effectiveness is a measure of teacher’s ability to produce an academic growth in a given context and situation (Stronge and Hindman 2006 and Bailey 2006). Various sectors are needed for evaluation. (i) Knowledge/ Teaching certification Richard has the highest degree compare to others and Richard is passionate about upgrading himself to a higher level. Moreover, Richard is familiar with the updated education syllabus as he has completed his bachelor degree few years ago. No specific information about Janice’s educational background is mentioned; it is assumed she has the lowest degree among candidates. Although Janice had attended some teacher training, she is not familiar and active about the updated educational changes and practices which makes her less competitive. Ivar has deep knowledge about psychology and enjoy high degree of reputation and he is a high achieving student which shows Ivar has adequate intelligence level. Refers to Mandeville and Liu cited in Campbell et al (2012), students who are taught by higher levels of teacher certification have better thinking skills and performance than the lower level of knowledge. From the above evaluation, Richard and Ivar are more knowledgeable. (ii) Personal ity Richard is young, enthusiastic, active, ambitious and competitive; Janice is mature, sociable with good personal skills, passionate but less active than Richard and Ivar is logical and rational but not good at communication. Personality is not suggested as a standard for selection as there is no direct relationship between personality and achievement of pupils (Borich cited in Campbell et al 2012 ). More factors should be considered. (iii)  Experience Richard has few years of teaching year 2 and 3 but lack of experience on teaching year 5 and 6; Janice has the most experience among 3 of them and she has 5 years experience on Year 5. Comparing to others, Ivar has the least experience in teaching. Teaching experience is a valuable access however there is no direct relationship between experience and student achievement and teaching experience is only a predictor of student outcomes occasionally (Anderson and Doresett cited in Campbell et al 2012). More factors should be concern. (iv) Self –efficacy ‘A belief in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the course of action required to produce given attainment ‘is called self efficacy (Bandura cited in Campbell et al 2012). Richard and Ivar are very confident about teaching year 5 while Janice is less confident about her skills. It is suggested that students that taught by higher self –efficacy perform better on standardized test and teachers with low self-efficacy have lower expectation of students (Moore and Esselman cited in Campbell et al 2012) . To improve the grade of NAPLAN, advancement of languages and maths are necessary and a teacher with higher self-efficacy is critical as there is positive relationship between self efficacy and the performance of languages and maths of the students (Anderson et al cited in Campbell et al 2012). From the perspective of goal setting theory, an individual with high self efficacy is more willing to set and accept a harder goal while commit to the goals with eff ort (Locke 1996). Richard and Ivar are the better choice. After accessing the above criteria, Richard and Ivar are the better choice since both of them are highly educated and with high self efficacy but Richard is the best choice. Ivar is not specialist in education which shows concern of insufficient knowledge of educational practices while Richard has a better educational knowledge. Refers to Darling-Hammond cited in Campbell et al (2012) , the strongest forecaster of relative achievement compared to others is teacher’s certification therefore Richard will be a better choice based on the element of knowledge. Methods to reward goal achievement The goal cannot be reached by one party’s effort therefore Richard and students should be rewarded. Financial rewards and non-financial rewards are suggested and James should integrate them as a complete reward process in order to work more effectively (Armstrong and Murlis 2007). (i) Financial rewards Merit pay program can be used once Richard reaches the goal. Merit pay is a system that increases the base salary of the employee who achieves the objectives of the business (Snell and Bohlander 2012). James should raise Richard‘s salary with a range of 7 to 9% in order to be motivate (Snell and Bohlander 2012). Financial rewards have no significant in students’ achievement thus financial reward is more appropriate for teachers (Robin 2012). From individual aspect, the increased salary allows Richard to satisfy various needs, such as; help his school fee for his master degree. Richard is competitive, while the financial reward is a tangible form of achievement recognition that satisfies his needs of ego and self- actualization (Armstrong and Murlis 2007). For school, the financial rewards enhance motivation, Richard is more willing to stay in the school and this benefits the school from retaining talents to teach Year 5 students (Armstrong and Murlis 2007). (ii) Non fina ncial rewards Non financial rewards are more effective in motivating (Armstrong and Murlis 2007). James can reward Richard by providing recognition, such as verbally reward with positive feedback, promotion and training and development. James can reward the students by praising the classes and providing extra-circular activities for students to relax and learn. Richard has his own mind in career progression, rewards such as promotion, allows him to reach his individual goal (to have a better career).If Richard is rewarded with training, more knowledge will be received and allow him to have a well preparation for his master degree. Non financial rewards shows recognition which reinforce Richard’s self esteem and self actualization. For the school, non financial rewards bring lasting motivation which maintains Richard’s motivation to work in the school and dedicate more effort for his teaching of Year 5 students. (Armstrong and Murlis 2007) The rewards  motivate the Year 5 students t o study hard in order to get a better result in NAPLAN. James’s role According to managerial competency framework by Quinn, several roles from the framework are selected for James in the application of this case. James is a director, he has to develop a vision and set a clear goal and objectives for his teachers moreover he has to organize and design the whole plan to achieve the goal (Quinn et al 2003). Secondly, James is a mentor, he has to communicate effectively and share his knowledge of NAPLAN with Richard to develop his ability in teaching Year 5 students (Quinn et al 2003). James has to think creatively as he may have to draft new teaching strategies with Richard therefore he has to live and mange the change and his role in this process is innovator (Quinn et al 2003). James is also a co-coordinator, new ideas may suggested by Richard and James has to manage the projects and across the functions to ensure the Richard’s works can run smoothly (Quinn et al 2003).Finally, James is a monitor, performances of students should be reviewed regu larly to keep the process on track while teaching styles should be monitored, for example, James can be a guest teacher in Richard’s class to see how the class runs and provides feedback to Richard (Quinn et al 2003, Mitchell, Ortiz, and Mitchell 1987). Feedback drives performance and motivation therefore feedback should be given frequently, James is able to check the progress of the goal while Richard is able to improve his limitations or retain his advantages (Latham 2007). Unintended consequences  Harder goals drive performance therefore James may set a harder goal for Richard and his year 5 students to achieve (Latham 2007). A harder goal is associated higher risk which may lead to worse performance compare to lower goals, for instance, a harsher teaching style is adopted by Richard but students may face extra pressure and lost their motivation in learning (Latham 2007). Secondly, goal conflicts may happen, such as, the school’s goal is vary from Richard’s individual goal which reduce the motivation and worsen the performance (Latham 2007). In order to reach the goal, James has to co-ordinate with other teachers with the class arrangement, this may lead to disagreement about the decision and conflicts between colleagues may result. With the new class arrangement, other classes need to adopt a new  teacher or teaching style; it influences the academic results and motivation. Others teachers also need to cope with the new goal and assi st Richard and principal in some points yet they do not get any reward, it leads to the problem of unfairness and inequality. Conclusion To conclude, goal and task are strongly linked and dimension of goal is divided into content and intensity. A successful goal should be set according to S.M.A.R.T. After evaluation, Richard is chosen as the teacher. James could motive Richard and students by financial and non financial rewards. Within the process, James has multiple roles as mention before to ensure the goal is achieved. However, unexpected results may happen therefore James should consider more theories application solve the problem and achieve synergy. Reference list Armstrong, M. and Murlis, H. 2007, Reward Management: A Handbook of Remuneration Strategy and Practice, 5th ed., Kogan Page Publishers, U.K. Bailey, K. 2006, Language Teacher Supervision: A case Based Approach, Cambridge University Press, U.K. Campbell, J., Kyriakides, L., Nuijis, D. and Robinson, W. 2012, Assessing Teacher Effectiveness: Different Models, Routledge, Canada. Latham, G. 2007, Work Motivation. History.Theory.Research and Practice, Thousand Oaks, U.K. Locke, E. 1996, ‘Motivation through conscious goal setting’, Applied and Preventative Psychology, vol.5, pp. 117-124. Locke, E. and Latham, G. 1990, A theory of Goal setting and Task Performance, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Mitchell, D., Ortiz, F. and Mitchell, T. 1987, Work Orientation and Job Performance: The Cultural Basis of Teaching Rewards and Incentives, Suny Press, U.S.A. Robin, G. 2012, Praise, Motivation, and the Child, Routledge, U.S.A. Rouillard,L. 2003, Goals and Goal Setting: Achieving Measured Ob jectives, 3rd ed., Cengage Learning, U.S.A. Snell, S. and Bohlander,G. 2012, Managing Human Resources, Cengage Learning, U.S.A. Stronge, J. and Hindman, J. 2006, The Teacher Quality Index: A Protocol for Teacher Selection, ASCD, U.S.A. Quinn, R.E., Faerman,S.R., Thompson,M.P. and McGrath,M. 2003, Becoming a master manager: A competency framework, 3rd ed., Wiley, New York.

E Waste Management Processes In Malaysia Environmental Sciences Essay

E Waste Management Processes In Malaysia Environmental Sciences Essay With rapid technological advancement, increasing demand of electrical and electronic as well as short lifespan of the products has lead to the increase in e-waste generation. Hence, E-waste generation has become a concern. E-waste management requires different approach compare to conventional management of traditional wastes. This is because of E-waste complex characteristic where its contain hazardous substances which pose risk to human health and environment. Understanding E-waste management and to determine the best approach is a difficult task due to lack of study in Malaysia and reliable data on management system. This paper aimed to assess the current practice of E-waste management in Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. The data presented in this paper derived mostly from the secondary sources of various literatures and interview with main stakeholders in e-waste management were conducted in order to understand the current issue and problem in e-waste management. Managing E-waste in Malaysia is challenging due to its hazardous characteristic and the generation currently at an alarming rate where it is reported that E-waste will be expected to triple output in next five years. Therefore, the cooperation from all level of management from key stakeholders is needed in order to ensure the risk of E-waste can be control at the minimum level. Keywords: Electrical and electronic waste, E-waste, management Introduction In view of the vision 2020 aim for Malaysia, the countrys wish to become a fully develop nation in the year 2020 has meant that Malaysia is not only encourages economic and social growth, but also environmental issues are addressed (Pelle Getke, 2008). One of the major environmental problems in Malaysia is the production of new waste in the waste streams namely electrical and electronic waste. Electrical and electronic waste, also known as electronic waste or electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), or in short called e-waste is consist of electrical or electronic products that can be categorized into white goods or bulky waste such as refrigerators, washing machines and brown goods such as computers, televisions, mobile phones, etc when comes to its end of life for their current owner (D.S Khetriwal, 2007). It also can be define as waste types that consist of broken or unwanted electronic appliances. E-waste is one of the fastest growing waste issues in the world where it forms 1% of solid waste on an average in developed countries and is expected to grow to 2% by 2020 (UNEP, 2007). The quantities of e-waste are predicted to grow substantially in future both in industrialized countries and in developing countries, with the potential to triple their e-waste by 2010 (UNEP, 2008) which is no exemption for Malaysia. With manufacturers continue to update and invented new electrical and electronic equipments, this has caused the lifespan of old product tend to decrease and this also becoming one of the factor contributes to the rapid growing of waste in today world. Statistics on the total quantity of e-waste generated per year in Malaysia is indistinguishable. However, e-waste generation is directly related to number of appliances used in the country (IMPAK, 2006). Table 1 shows the amount in unit on electrical and electronic product in Malaysia for year 2003. Table 1: The amount of electrical and electronic product for year 2003 Product Amount (Unit) Computer 4, 183,684 Mobile Phones 11,124,000 Television 4.500,000 Radio 9,400,000 Refrigerator 3,500,000 Data source: Era Hijau, 2008, Department of Environment With the growth of electrical or electronic equipments consumed in this country, the management of waste will be a key issue that needs to be urgently addressed especially in e-waste management. The problems that can be identified are the absence of proper mechanism and standards of disposal where it often end up in the waste streams either through recycling or landfill (ToxicLink, 2003). It can be assumed that the disposal of obsolete electrical and electronic products is fundamentally driven by the production of new ones where it implies that the growth in global electronic production of 4.4% in 2002, 6.8% in 2003 will result in similar growth in e-waste management (William, 2005). Without proper management system especially in disposal processes, hazardous materials contained in e-waste can be release into the environment and this will potentially give adverse effect to human health (M. Macauley, 2003). Therefore, it is very important to have a better e-waste management in order t o reduce it effects to both human health and environmental ecosystem in the future. Current status of E-waste management in Malaysia Developing countries usually lack of proper storage spaces or disposal area for e-waste causing their e-waste mixed in domestic landfill, burned with household waste or stored in the attic for years. This problem also occur in Malaysia where most of e-waste end up in landfill as there is no mechanism of proper recycling or safe disposal. The disposal of e-waste in uncontrolled way can pose risk to environment and human health where there are growing of e-waste winding up unnoticed in landfill (NST, 2007). Besides that, many facilities are unable to process e-waste due to constraints in space and handling problem (EQR, 2006). The existing collection and disposal system is inadequate in handling such wastes. This is because the management of e-waste is different with management of solid waste. According to D.S Khetriwal (2007), conventional waste management policies suited to handle traditional waste types and cannot be applied in the case of e-waste due to its characteristic which con tains both highly toxic substances as well as valuable materials which can be recovered. Malaysia already has existing regulation on scheduled wastes where e-waste were categorized under SW110 in First Scheduled of Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulation 2005, but this regulation not directly dealing with e-waste from household. Currently, there is no mechanism of proper segregation or disposal system to encourage public recycle and discard e-waste. The continue generation of e-waste over time, together with lack of structured mechanism of institutional framework and inadequate infrastructure causing e-waste management not well set up. Even though at present electrical or electronic appliances are rarely disposed of inadequate manner, but with little regulation in place, this has created hazards to local populations, as well as to the environment. Study area and data collection The number of electrical or electronic industries in Malaysia is rising. Thus, increased in the consumption of electrical and electronic products is due to its utility in our everyday life. This indirectly explained why the numbers of electrical and electronic waste is increasing. As the urbanization continues to take place, the management of waste is a major public health and environment concern in urban areas of many developing countries. The concern is serious, particularly in the capital cities. Therefore Shah Alam, Selangor is chosen as the starting point for the research. Shah Alam is the capital city for the State of Selangor where it consists of well planned and modern town with the state administrative centre in a spacious and pleasant environment. Shah Alam is an urban city in Petaling and Klang District which is located about 25 kilometres (15 miles) west of the countrys capital, Kuala Lumpur. In 1978, it replaced Kuala Lumpur as the capital city of the State of Selangor due to Kuala Lumpurs incorporation into a Federal Territory in 1974. Shah Alam was the first planned city in Malaysia after independence in 1957. Shah Alam has a similar urban layout to Petaling Jaya and Subang Jaya with housing areas occupying most of the city (55.2  km ²) and commercial centres scattered around the different seksyen (sections). There are about 56 sections in total within 24 zones. Shah Alam is the State of Selangor capital city, has experienced a rapid urbanization and industrialization in the last decade. Urban area where chosen because of the highest communication services are concentrated in urban areas compare to rural areas and most of the development still concentrated in urban areas. The production of E-waste in this area can be assumed as quite high and the management of E-waste by waste generators, recyclers and disposal are crucial. Figure 3.2 shows amount of E-waste generated in Shah Alam is the highest compare to others area in the State of Selangor. Figure 3.2 Amount of e-waste generated in Selangor Area in 2009 Source: DOE Shah Alam report, 2009 Personal interview were conducted with relevant stakeholder that consist of regulatory framework government officials responsible for E-waste management process, as well as senior managers within the E-waste recycling industries (SW. Chung, R.Murakami-Suzuki, 2008) in Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. As this is exploratory research, many stakeholders have been approached and interviews were conducted to obtain the understanding on e-waste management issues and problem, opinions and their view. Before meeting the respondents, information has been searched for knowing the involvement of stakeholders in the e-waste management (M. Schluep et al., 2008). The interviews were conducted with stakeholders that were responsible with the management of e-waste in Shah Alam and also directly involved in e-waste management in Malaysia. On the other hand, the respondent were chosen based on convenience sampling where only person that willing to cooperate in this study will be interviewed. This type o f sampling technique was chosen due to limited time and finance. After the interview, the interviews are transcribed and the transcript of each interview was sent back to the interviewee (s) for comment and further questions (P. Manomaivibool, 2009). Secondary data was extracted from a collection of key documents. These documents were collected through library and document searches from many stakeholders including government agencies, industry and business. Collections of key documents consist of documents in the form of publications such as reports, journals, books, and internets. The data gathers are source from report of e-waste inventory project in Malaysia, annual publication of IMPAK magazine by Department of Environment (DOE), Malaysia and environmental quality report of DOE, Malaysia. The data presented in this paper derived mostly from the secondary sources of various literatures and interview with main stakeholders in e-waste management were conducted in order to understand the current issue and problem in e-waste management in Shah Alam, Selangor and Malaysia generally. Trend of e-waste generation Figure 1: Quantities of e-waste generated in Selangor, Malaysia Table 1: Number of e-waste contractors in Selangor, Malaysia. 2007 2008 2009 Number of contractor in Selangor 27 28 27 Data source: DOE, Selangor report, 2007, 2008, and 2009. In the e-waste inventory project of Malaysia report, e-waste is expected to increase in five year ahead and further. This is because at that time the level of public awareness regarding e-waste is increasing due to e-waste had become an important environment issues in 21st century. The other factor that may contribute to the increase of e-waste is due to technologies advancement where people lifestyle change where the replacement of old product with new ones that much better, affordable and easy to use in the future. Even nowadays people are depending on gadgets such as computers and mobile phones in communicating with people around the world. This data only reflects the e-waste that is collected as disassembled components from industries (Malaysia Inventory Report, Accessed on 11/10/2009). Data on quantities of e-waste generated in Shah Alam were gathered from inventory recorded by e-waste contractors for Department of Environment, Selangor using a consignment notes. The increase of e-waste quantities generated give impact to the management of e-waste. The main objective in e-waste management is to reduce the e-waste generated from ending up in landfill site and to reduce the cost of managing e-waste where it contain both highly toxic substances and valuable materials. In 2005, Malaysia has issue e-waste as an environmental concern and marked it as new category of scheduled wastes. Before Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulation 2005, there are no regulations for e-waste but in Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulation 1986, the discarded batteries containing lead, mercury, nickel or lithium from battery manufacturing plants are coded under scheduled waste S271. However, E-waste is defined as used electrical and electronic equipments categories as scheduled waste in First Schedule of Environment (Scheduled Wastes) Regulation 2005 and been coded as SW110 after takes effect on 15 August 2005. When e-waste become new category of scheduled waste in Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulation 2005, contractors in Selangor that involved in e-waste recycling and processing are bound to obtain license from Department of Environment, Selangor. With the enforcement of EQSWR 2005, the activity of e-waste inventory were carrying out by DOE, Selangor began in 2007. The number of e-waste contractors license under DOE is about 27 contractors in 2007 and 28 contractors in 2008 but reduce back to 27 contractors in 2009. There are two factors contribute to this reduction; firstly because of economy crisis in 2008 and effected e-waste generated in 2009. This has show in the graph where the amount of e-waste generated in 2008 decrease from 10916 MT/year to 10369 MT/year in 2009. From the literatures sources, when the economic crisis happens, firstly affected is the electronic industry. As a result, the production of electronic product decreasing as well as the quantities of e-waste generated. And secondly because of competition between these contractors result in some of them become passive and some are active. Moreover too many players but the volume e-waste collected is not enough and the high costs for e-waste become a burden to these e-waste contractors. Also according DOE Shah Alam officer, they do not have any data or quantity for each e-waste generated. For this time being, the only data exist is for the whole of SW110 wastes. Figure 1: Quantities of e-waste generated in Shah Alam, Selangor Table 2: Amount of e-waste (MT/year) generates and number of e-waste contractor in Shah Alam, Selangor. 2007 2008 2009 Number of contractor in Shah Alam 9 10 12 Data Data source: DOE, Selangor report, 2007, 2008, and 2009. E-waste generation is different with other hazardous household waste and scheduled waste generated by industries and business sources. The generation is not regular. Its depending on how the individual handle they product during the equipment working lifespan. There are no reports on types of e-waste generated from household as this waste end up mixed with other waste goes to landfill or informally handle by illegal collectors or scrap collectors. Malaysia has issue e-waste as an environmental concern and marked it as new category of scheduled wastes in 2005. Before Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulation 2005 takes effect, there are no regulations for e-waste. However in the Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulation 1986, the discarded batteries containing lead, mercury, nickel or lithium from battery manufacturing plants are coded under scheduled waste S271 [12]. However, E-waste is defined as used electrical and electronic equipments categories as scheduled waste in First Schedule of Environment (Scheduled Wastes) Regulation 2005 and been coded as SW110 after takes effect on 15 August 2005. When e-waste become new category of scheduled waste in Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulation 2005, contractors in Selangor that wanted to involved in e-waste recycling and processing are bound to obtain license from Department of Environment, Selangor. With the enforcement of EQSWR 2005, the activity o f e-waste inventory were carrying out by DOE, Selangor began in 2007. Figure 1 show that the amount of e-waste generated in Shah Alam is increasing from 5331 MT/year in 2007 to 5388 MT/year in 2009. Amount of e-waste collected by e-waste contractors in Shah Alam is assumed to be all or major portion of e-waste generated in Shah Alam eventually goes to the nearby recyclers and or disposal facilities. However, the generation of e-waste depends on the consumption and production of electrical or electronic product in that year. Currently, the number of e-waste contractors in Shah Alam was increase from only 9 contractors in 2007 to 12 contractors in 2009 as showed in Table 2 where it consist of one full recovery facility and other is partial recovery facilities. However, there are still unknown and unlicensed contractors in Shah Alam operating e-waste collection, recycling and processing. One of the identify company is Scrap Computer Trading Sdn Bhd that located in Shah Alam area. The increase quantities of e-waste each years and without proper management system especially during disposal process, the hazardous materials contain can release into the environment will potentially give adverse effect to human health [15]. In the e-waste inventory project of Malaysia report, e-waste is expected to increase in five year ahead and further. This is because at that time the level of public awareness regarding e-waste is increasing due to e-waste had become an important environment issues in 21st century. The other factor that may contribute to the increase of e-waste is due to technologies advancement where people lifestyle change where the replacement of old product with new ones that much better, affordable and easy to use in the future. Even nowadays people are depending on gadgets such as computers and mobile phones in communicating with people around the world. This data only reflects the e-waste that is collected as disassembled components from industries (Malaysia Inventory Report, Accessed on 11/10/2009). Data on quantities of e-waste generated in Shah Alam were gathered through inventory recorded by e-waste contractors for Department of Environment, Selangor using a consignment notes. The increase of e-waste quantities generated give impact to the management of e-waste. The main objective in e-waste management is to reduce the e-waste generated from ending up in landfill site and to reduce the cost of managing e-waste where it contain both highly toxic substances and valuable materials. Current Status on E-waste management in Shah Alam, Selangor Shah Alam is one of well planned city; the residential areas were located on the site of federal highway and industrial zone on the other. Table 3 shows the e-waste generators, type of e-waste collected by e-waste collectors in Shah Alam, Selangor. Generators in Shah Alam consist of electrical and electronic manufacturers, assemblers, individual consumers, government organizations, corporate users such as banking sectors, etc. Table 3: E-waste generators, type of e-wastes and e-waste collectors in Shah Alam, Selangor. E-waste generators Type of E-waste E-waste collector Manufacturing Industries Disassemblies such as metal scrap, ICT board, rejected wires, etc License e-waste contractor under Department of Environment Government organization, institution Whole unit of e-wastes such as computers, telephone, printers, etc Alam Flora Sdn Bhd; License e-waste contractor under Department of Environment Individual households, publics Sub-unit of e-waste or whole unit of e-waste Shah Alam City Council (MBSA) Types of e-waste generated depend on type of generator and each quantity generated or collected are different from each other. E-waste generate from multinational electrical and electronic manufacturing industries such as Panasonic Sdn Bhd, JVC (M) Sdn Bhd and larger business such as banking sectors, ICT sectors, etc are well collected by licensed contractors. However e-waste generated by individual household uncommonly collected because of quantities of e-waste produce is in small amount. This is because individual households not are regular generator for e-waste compare to business. According to Macauley et al 2003, generally electronics wastes generated by businesses more homogeneous which are comprise of large quantities than electrical waste generated by households [13]. Consignment Notes (Inventory Track System) Sell to other recyclers or local/domestic market Partial Recovery Facilities Licence Collector Generator Kualiti Alam Sdn Bhd Full recovery facilities Disposal of e-waste residue Treatment Alam Flora Sdn Bhd, Local Authority Collect from the public Recyclable materials such as metals scraps and plastic scraps Unlicensed collector Unknown 2nd raw materials Sell to the manufacturers Figure 2: E-waste management in Shah Alam, Selangor E-waste management practice in Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia E-waste collection E-waste management in Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia is summarized in Figure 2 above from the waste generation until the disposal of the waste. E-waste derived from manufacturers usually consists of disassembled components such as plastic scraps, metal parts and wires which are collected mostly by license e-waste contractors. E-waste generate from domestic area were collected by waste concessionaires such as Alam Flora Sdn Bhd, Solid Waste Management Sdn Bhd. According to Alam Flora officer, they have launched a campaign for collection of e-waste from the public started in year 2006 and focuses only to the unit of computer waste. However for e-wastes collected from the domestic areas will not undergo any separation process because absence of segregation facility and therefore e-wastes collected will be sent straight to landfill site. Alam Flora Sdn Bhd does not provide any facility related to collection of schedule wastes and metals because the value for recycling materials is low and the cost for it proper management is high compare to management of conventional wastes. For Shah Alam residents that wanted to discard their E-waste, Alam Flora also provided call and pick up services. Shah Alam City Council (MBSA) is a local authority in Shah Alam has involved in 3Rs campaign but they focus is not specifically on e-waste. MBSA do not send e-waste to the landfill but e-waste collected to recycling center for further disposal. MBSA indirectly involved in e-waste management for Shah Alam. MBSA has provided a recycling center for Shah Alam community to dispose their bulky wastes and recyclable wastes that include e-wastes. This recycling center known as Shah Alam Recycling Center located in Sekyen 17, Shah Alam, Selangor. With the initiatives located by MBSA to this community; it can be a starting point for e-waste from households to be managed properly. E-waste recycling At present, there are about 12 licensed e-waste contractors in Shah Alam which are responsible in collecting and recycling e-waste. According to DOE of Shah Alam, Shah Alam has 11 registered e-waste contractors with only one company having full recovery licenses. The listed e-waste contractor can be found at DOE website. The rest with partial recovery licenses only allowed carrying out collection, disassembly, segregation, and packing. However, only approved full recovery licenser is allowed to conduct precious metal recovery by utilizing chemicals and electrolysis processes. E-waste collected were dismantled and separated into various part or components which also consist of recyclable and non-recyclable items. The recyclable item usually after processing will be packed for resale locally or export to other countries. Sometimes the recyclable part or component will be distributed to other companies for reuse. E-waste collected by license contractor will be further send whether to partial recovery facilities or directly to full recovery facilities. Partial recovery e-waste contractor also act as a middleman in collecting e-waste from the generators. Usually they used their own transportation to collect e-waste from the waste generators according to tender sign. Recycling process that carry out in partial recovery facilities include manually dismantle into part or component and segregate them into recyclable or non recyclable components. Type of component that usually can be extracting from e-waste is metal scraps such as cooper, steel and aluminum. For plastic scrap usually this type of waste will be sold to other recyclers from domestic market or local market as secondary raw materials. However, for material that had been separate, sorted and crushed in partial recovery facility still considered as scheduled wastes where it need to further treated at prescribed premises. At full recovery facilities, they provide services where most of the item will be recovered for better end products. Beside physical treatment process, chemical treatment (stripping) will be used in order to minimize waste from ending up in landfill sites. The products from e-waste recovery become secondary raw materials for other uses in manufacturing sectors. Disposal of E-waste E-waste generate in electrical and electrical industry were mostly disposed in the provide bins as either provided by the waste generator or the waste contractor depend on types of E-waste disposed. With the structure mechanism of E-waste management by the industries, the waste disposed is recorded using consignment notes where the quantities of E-waste produced is inventory. Some of non recyclable part or component of E-waste will be treated either in full recovery facilities or disposed at Kualiti Alam facilities. DOE also has given license to Kualiti Alam in collecting e-waste as they are one of the responsible agencies in Malaysia that handle scheduled wastes. The final product of e-waste recovery is the e-waste residues. These residues will be sent to sanitary landfill in Bukit Nanas together with other wastes that are not recyclable and non hazardous for further disposal processes. Obstacles in e-waste management Data from the interview are analyzed. During the analysis, code were renames, clustered and group into four issues and problem discussed by the respondents about e-waste management. In the management aspect, e-waste is very complex because of it tendency to cause serious environmental problem in developing countries as in Malaysia. Obstacle identified is technical issues, lack of trained personal, legislation, financial, infrastructure and awareness. Technical Issues The waste generators were responsible with the management of their own scheduled waste include e-waste. Unlike solid waste management where theres by now have a structured mechanism. According to [name must not be reveal], the volume of the electrical and electronic waste is depends on the EE production and current economy status. Another problem is they cannot afford for the other technology or equipment to process electrical and electronic waste except man power. However, there also some manufacturers in Selangor still selling e-waste to unlicensed collector or recycler because the price offer is high. E-waste contractors in Selangor, mostly collect e-waste from EEE industry but not for household e-waste. Lack of improper e-waste disposal, this is because the waste generators do not have suitable places to dispose their waste. In Malaysia, there are still small number of facilities who involves with e-waste processing and recovery. Waste collected from manufacturers or large business were dismantle and separate into various parts and components for resale or recycle or recovery locally while household e-wastes were discarded in municipal bins and disposed off in landfill. Lacking of environmental standards and advanced recycling technologies where most of partial recoveries adopted very simple and uncultured methods in order to achieve higher return as much as possible. From the interview conducted with the partial recovery companies, there are two reasons the collectors cannot afford for a better recycling technologies; a) The equipment is too expensive and; b) The volume of e-waste is small while there are a numbers of collectors out there. If they bought the facilities, it will was te their time and money just like the incinerator case. Currently as in Selangor and Malaysia as general, e-waste were collected while only precious metals are extracted. The recycling processes usually have low recycling rates as for the informal sector where the major thrust for recycling is precious material extraction due to which the other hazardous components are usually dumped in landfill and fate sometimes unknown. However for the formal recycling units the efficiency is less as the collections targets are not met and lack of efficient technologies. According to Dato Nadzri Yahaya, theres an informal sector is going-on where they involved in collecting e-waste dumps with other household waste. The garbage contractors with they own initiative will informally sort out waste that can be recycle such as plastics, aluminum, e-waste, etc before other non-recyclables waste sent to the landfill sites. However, disposal of E-waste from household is an issue where these wastes dispose in the municipal bins together with other wastes as there is still no segregation unlicensed collector where they collect this waste and process only certain part or compo nent of E-waste and treatment for others is unknown. Even the television for example put together with other waste outside the resident premises, after couple of hours, the waste gone and the fate of the waste is unidentified. Financial Issue There is not much to discuss about financial issues because this paper focus more to management per se. In Malaysia, E-waste has been treated same as scheduled waste except it is not to dangerous and contaminated if directly contact with this wastes. Currently, there is no financial scheme or initiatives given to the e-waste recyclers by government. According to officer from Kualiti Kitar Alam, the recyclers especially scrap collector that not control or license under DOE buy e-waste from waste generators with high price and the treatment for the waste collected by this parties is unknown. Sometimes, most of the waste contractors consist of illegal contractors or recyclers. Legislation Issue Malaysia already has existing regulation on scheduled wastes where e-waste were categorized under SW110 in First Scheduled of Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulation 2005, but this regulation not directly dealing with e-waste from household. Currently, there is no mechanism of proper segregation or disposal system to encourage public recycle and discard e-waste. The continue generation of e-waste over time, together with lack of structured mechanism of institutional framework and inadequate infrastructure causing e-waste management not well set up. Even though at present electrical or electroni

Analysis of Flowers in the Attic by V.C. Andrews Essay -- Flowers in t

Analysis of Flowers in the Attic by V.C. Andrews Flowers in the attic that’s what four children thought of themselves. They were born so brightly colored, but fading duller as their long dreary nightmarish days, held prisoners of hope, and kept captive by greed. The Dollengangers were a loving and happy family. Chris had meet Corrine when she was fourteen. After she turned eighteen they eloped. They had four beautiful children. They all had blond hair, blue eyes, and fair skin. Christopher was the oldest. He was very bright for his age making straight A’s and wanted to become a doctor. Cathy, the next oldest was not as smart as Chris was, but she did well in school too. She dreamed of becoming a dancer. The twins were only four then. Their mother stayed home, and their father was a sales man who was gone most of the time. The children couldn’t wait till he came home always bringing them a gift. Then one day their father was killed in an auto accident, and that’s when the horror began. After their dad was killed, their house was reposed. Corrine called her mother, who allowed them to come live with them. Corrine told the children how rich their grandparents were, and they would never need anything again. She told them their new home would be the grandest they ever lived in, but they would have to be locked up in one room till she won her fathers heart back. When they arrived in the middle of the night, their grandmother was there to let them in. All four of the ch...

Blockbusters Place in the Current Movie Rental Market Essay -- Busine

Has e-marketing and the use of the internet hurt Blockbuster's dominance in the movie rental business and if it has what will they have to change in their business plan to regain their market shares? This case has studied the influence of new technologies for delivering movie rentals along with downloading movies directly to your television at home without a customer even getting off their couch. It also examines the impact DVD recorders are going to have on Blockbusters main products like DVD players and VCR's. The case talks about the threats these new innovations are going to have on Blockbusters business potential. Along with what Blockbuster has done to compete with their new competitors like Wal-Mart and Netflix. With the internet changing the way most profitable companies do business Blockbuster has to adapt and follow the new trends our generation. While studying this case, our group analyzed what Blockbuster's strengths and weakness are, combined with what opportunities t hey have to excel in the new way consumers watch movies and we established the threats that exist with new technology and competitors. Last our group has thought of some new idea's that could help them thrive in the future. The problem that this case states is, will Blockbuster make the right business plan choices to allow them to compete with the innovation of products and technology of distributing movie rentals. Also is Blockbuster going to be able to adapt and succeed in this new era of renting movies? The SWOT (Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threat) analysis for Blockbuster is both positive and negative. The major strength that Blockbuster Inc. has is a brand image over the competition. When new movie releases come out on Video o... ...ir own movie channel that allows customers to buy and watch movie directly on their television. From their surveys, they should find out what their customers want and implement their suggestions into their business strategy. They need to train their employees to have the utmost customer satisfaction rating. This will keep customers coming back and hopefully attract new customers into the store. They also need to be able to help and answer customer's questions about movies. They should also have sales such as, buy one movie get one free, running periodically throughout the store. This will draw customers in to shop for the deals. They should also promote new movies available for sale in the store. They should always try to keep as many movies in stock so the movie is always there for the customer. This will keep them happy and coming back to rent more movies.

Anti-monopoly laws in Turkey, Greece, and Italy,and Their Enforcement E

Anti-monopoly laws in Turkey, Greece, and Italy,and Their Enforcement A free market economy allows a nation to have open and equal (to an extent) competition while utilizing the resources available in the most effective manner. However, it is not perfect and can lead to some problems such as someone controlling the whole market or, in other words, having a monopoly or monopoly power. Also, there could be cartels, which are when companies will make agreements that ?abandon competition between themselves in order to increase their profit? (?Message of the President? 1). Both of these are dangerous for the economy because they not only harm competition for smaller businesses but also the consumer, who is forced to pay whatever prices the companies agree upon. These dangers for the economy create a need for the national governments to have anti-monopoly laws that ban such practices. However, with the creation of these laws also comes the need for the enforcement of them, and so there are many new government agencies that work to make sure they are enf orced. Some countries and organizations that have these laws and enforcement agencies over competition are Turkey and the European Union, which includes Italy and Greece. Anti-monopoly or antitrust laws, mainly work against an imbalance of competition in a free market economy. In other words, they work against the ?abuse of dominant position? or ?a situation of economic power held by a firm, which allows it to hinder effective competition in the relevant market.? To fight this possibility antitrust laws work to prevent infringements of the laws by businesses. The laws work to rule out anything that restricts competition whether it is cartels, monopolies, or other agreeme... ...ar of being monopolized. Works Cited ?Abuse of Dominant Position.? Rekabet Kurumu.? http://www.rekabet.gov.tr/ehakimdurum.html 12 Dec, 2003. ?Antitrust Reform frequently asked questions.? http://www.europa.eu.int/news/index_en.htm 16 Dec. 2003. ?Law no. 287 of October 10th, 1990.? AGCM HomePage. 13 Oct. 1990. Italy. 8 Jan. 2004 . Path: Legislation; Law no. 287 of October 10th, 1990. ?Message of the President.? Rekabet Kurumu. http://www.rekabet.gov.tr/ebaskanmesaj.html 12 Dec, 2003. ?News Releases.? AGCM HomePage. http://www.agcm.it/eng/index.htm 12 Dec, 2003. ?The Act on the Protection of Competition: No. 4054.? Rekabet Kurumu. http://www.rekabet.gov.tr/word/ekanun.doc 12 Dec, 2003. http://www.europa.eu.int/index_en.htm 16 Dec. 2003 http://www.europa.eu.int/scadplus/leglen/lvb/126005.htm 16 Dec. 2003. Anti-monopoly laws in Turkey, Greece, and Italy,and Their Enforcement E Anti-monopoly laws in Turkey, Greece, and Italy,and Their Enforcement A free market economy allows a nation to have open and equal (to an extent) competition while utilizing the resources available in the most effective manner. However, it is not perfect and can lead to some problems such as someone controlling the whole market or, in other words, having a monopoly or monopoly power. Also, there could be cartels, which are when companies will make agreements that ?abandon competition between themselves in order to increase their profit? (?Message of the President? 1). Both of these are dangerous for the economy because they not only harm competition for smaller businesses but also the consumer, who is forced to pay whatever prices the companies agree upon. These dangers for the economy create a need for the national governments to have anti-monopoly laws that ban such practices. However, with the creation of these laws also comes the need for the enforcement of them, and so there are many new government agencies that work to make sure they are enf orced. Some countries and organizations that have these laws and enforcement agencies over competition are Turkey and the European Union, which includes Italy and Greece. Anti-monopoly or antitrust laws, mainly work against an imbalance of competition in a free market economy. In other words, they work against the ?abuse of dominant position? or ?a situation of economic power held by a firm, which allows it to hinder effective competition in the relevant market.? To fight this possibility antitrust laws work to prevent infringements of the laws by businesses. The laws work to rule out anything that restricts competition whether it is cartels, monopolies, or other agreeme... ...ar of being monopolized. Works Cited ?Abuse of Dominant Position.? Rekabet Kurumu.? http://www.rekabet.gov.tr/ehakimdurum.html 12 Dec, 2003. ?Antitrust Reform frequently asked questions.? http://www.europa.eu.int/news/index_en.htm 16 Dec. 2003. ?Law no. 287 of October 10th, 1990.? AGCM HomePage. 13 Oct. 1990. Italy. 8 Jan. 2004 . Path: Legislation; Law no. 287 of October 10th, 1990. ?Message of the President.? Rekabet Kurumu. http://www.rekabet.gov.tr/ebaskanmesaj.html 12 Dec, 2003. ?News Releases.? AGCM HomePage. http://www.agcm.it/eng/index.htm 12 Dec, 2003. ?The Act on the Protection of Competition: No. 4054.? Rekabet Kurumu. http://www.rekabet.gov.tr/word/ekanun.doc 12 Dec, 2003. http://www.europa.eu.int/index_en.htm 16 Dec. 2003 http://www.europa.eu.int/scadplus/leglen/lvb/126005.htm 16 Dec. 2003. Anti-monopoly laws in Turkey, Greece, and Italy,and Their Enforcement E Anti-monopoly laws in Turkey, Greece, and Italy,and Their Enforcement A free market economy allows a nation to have open and equal (to an extent) competition while utilizing the resources available in the most effective manner. However, it is not perfect and can lead to some problems such as someone controlling the whole market or, in other words, having a monopoly or monopoly power. Also, there could be cartels, which are when companies will make agreements that ?abandon competition between themselves in order to increase their profit? (?Message of the President? 1). Both of these are dangerous for the economy because they not only harm competition for smaller businesses but also the consumer, who is forced to pay whatever prices the companies agree upon. These dangers for the economy create a need for the national governments to have anti-monopoly laws that ban such practices. However, with the creation of these laws also comes the need for the enforcement of them, and so there are many new government agencies that work to make sure they are enf orced. Some countries and organizations that have these laws and enforcement agencies over competition are Turkey and the European Union, which includes Italy and Greece. Anti-monopoly or antitrust laws, mainly work against an imbalance of competition in a free market economy. In other words, they work against the ?abuse of dominant position? or ?a situation of economic power held by a firm, which allows it to hinder effective competition in the relevant market.? To fight this possibility antitrust laws work to prevent infringements of the laws by businesses. The laws work to rule out anything that restricts competition whether it is cartels, monopolies, or other agreeme... ...ar of being monopolized. Works Cited ?Abuse of Dominant Position.? Rekabet Kurumu.? http://www.rekabet.gov.tr/ehakimdurum.html 12 Dec, 2003. ?Antitrust Reform frequently asked questions.? http://www.europa.eu.int/news/index_en.htm 16 Dec. 2003. ?Law no. 287 of October 10th, 1990.? AGCM HomePage. 13 Oct. 1990. Italy. 8 Jan. 2004 . Path: Legislation; Law no. 287 of October 10th, 1990. ?Message of the President.? Rekabet Kurumu. http://www.rekabet.gov.tr/ebaskanmesaj.html 12 Dec, 2003. ?News Releases.? AGCM HomePage. http://www.agcm.it/eng/index.htm 12 Dec, 2003. ?The Act on the Protection of Competition: No. 4054.? Rekabet Kurumu. http://www.rekabet.gov.tr/word/ekanun.doc 12 Dec, 2003. http://www.europa.eu.int/index_en.htm 16 Dec. 2003 http://www.europa.eu.int/scadplus/leglen/lvb/126005.htm 16 Dec. 2003.