Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House - 1291 Words

002322- 3 Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House is based in the Victorian society of the 19th century. It assesses the many struggles and hardships that women faced because of marriage â€Å"laws† that were crucial during that time period. The society was male- dominated with no equality. Nora is the protagonist in A Doll’s House and the wife of a man named Torvald. This play is about Nora’s voyage to recognizing her self- determination and independence. She transforms from a traditional, reserved woman to a new, independent woman. Nora’s relationship with Mrs. Linde, Nils Krogstad, and her husband, Torvald, help her personality grow throughout the play, A Doll’s House. In Henrik Ibsen’s play, A Doll’s House, many literary elements such as juxtaposition, irony, and symbolism are intentionally used to reveal Nora’s true character. There is juxtaposition that Ibsen creates between Mrs. Linde and Nora. This is shown mainly through their marriages. Nora and Torvald play unequal roles in their marriage and according to Torvald, Nora is a child- like object whom he must provide for. In their relationship, Nora plays the passive role. Her only duty is to please her husband, who feels he is superior to her. Mrs. Linde’s situation was totally different. She was looking desperately for a job at the beginning of the play, as her husband, Mr. Linde, had just died. She and Krogstad had a relationship in the past, but because of her family’s financial needs she ends up marrying a businessman, Mr.Show MoreRelatedHenrik Ibsen s A Doll House1563 Words   |  7 Pages In the play, A Doll House by Henrik Ibsen, the title itself symbolizes the dependent and degraded role of the wife within traditional marriages. Ibsen portrayed the generous nature root into women by society, as well as the significant action of this nature, and lastly the need for them to find their own voice in a world ruled by men. Ibsen wrote this play in 1879, this is the era where women were obedient to men, tend the children until their husband came home, and stood by the Cult of DomesticityRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1717 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"A Doll, a Partner, and a Change† Social movement of women liberation toward equal rights and independence has been a big subject in human history. It happens not only in Europe but also all over the world. Though making progress, this movement has been advancing slowly and encountered backslashes from time to time. Maybe there is something deeply hidden which the society has not figured out yet, even women themselves. What do women want, freedom or good life? Most of the time, they are notRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1291 Words   |  6 Pages A Doll s House by Henrik Ibsen, is a play that has been written to withstand all time. In this play Ibsen highlights the importance of women’s rights. During the time period of the play these rights were neglected. Ibsen depicts the role of the woman was to stay at home, raise the children and attend to her husband during the 19th century. Nora is the woman in A Doll House who plays is portrayed as a victim. Michael Meyers said of Henrik Ibsen s plays: The common denominator in many of IbsenRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1288 Words   |  6 Pages Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House is based in the Victorian society of the 19th century. It assesses the many struggles and hardships that women faced because of marriage â€Å"laws† that were crucial during that time period. The society was male- dominated with no equality. Nora is the protagonist in A Doll’s House and the wife of a man named Torvald. This play is about Nora’s voyage to recognizing her self- determination and independence. She transforms from a traditional, reserved woman to a new, independentRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1298 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"There is beauty in truth, even if it s painful. Those who lie, twist life so that it looks tasty to the lazy, brilliant to the ignorant, and powerful to the weak. But lies only strengthen our defects. They don t teach anything, help anything, fix anything or cure anything. Nor do they develop one s character, one s mind, one s heart or one s soul.† (Josà © N. Harris). Nora Helmer’s choice to lie and deceive is inappropriate and wrong for women to do to her husband during this time period; itRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1037 Words   |  5 PagesHenrik Ibsen s A Doll s House is a work of literature genius. This three-act play involves many literary technics that are undermined by the average reader such as the fact that the plot shows the main characters Torvald and his wife Nora live the perfect life. An ironic paradox based around the fact that Nora and Torvald’s relationship is the complete opposite of perfect. Also, bringing upon a conflict as well, appearance versus reality. These little hidden meanings within stories are what areRead MoreA Doll s House : Henrik Ibsen962 Words   |  4 PagesDrama Analysis A Doll’s House (Henrik Ibsen) And Trifles (Susan Glaspell) In comparing both dramas, the overwhelming aspect of convergence between both is the open discussion of gender identity. Both dramas make similar points about what it means to be a woman. Modern society in both dramas is constructed with men holding power over women. This is seen in Trifles in how men like George Henderson and Mr. Hale are myopic. The premise of the drama is how women worry over trifles, and the dismissiveRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1421 Words   |  6 PagesIn A Doll’s House, Henrik Ibsen examines conventional roles of men and women in the nineteenth century. In the play, Nora exemplifies the conventional feminine standard during that period. She seems to be powerless and confines herself through high standard expectations, demonstrating what the role of a women would be as a wife and mother. The protagonist of A Doll’s House is a woman named Nora Helmer. Ibsen shows how Nora’s design of perfect life gradually transforms when her sec ret unravels. InRead MoreHenrik Ibsen s A Doll House Essay1501 Words   |  7 PagesHenrik Ibsen’s play â€Å"A Doll House† was set in the Victorian era, a time where women were highly respected. Women in this time period did not work, they had nannies to take care of their children and maids to take care of their homes. Many women had no real responsibilities, they spent their time having tea parties and socializing with their friends. Henrik Ibsen dared to show the realism of the Victorian era while everyone else would only focus on the romantic aspect. In the play, â€Å"A Doll House†Read MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen876 Words   |  4 PagesA Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen A Doll’s House takes place in the home of Torvald and Nora Helmer. Through conversation with Nora’s good friend Kristine Linde it is revealed that Mr. Helmer was ill around the same time Nora’s father died. Luckily Nora’s father left her enough money that Torvald and Nora could go on a life saving trip to Italy. But the truth comes out when we find out Nora’s father did not leave her a penny. We find out that Nora got a hold of the money through a loan but she signed

The Bright Side Of School Uniforms. Education In The United

The Bright Side of School Uniforms Education in the United States from Kindergarten all the way to 12th grade is known for its free education system. That’s right, students all over the country are given the opportunity to retrieve a high school diploma for free. Education in this country is so important that schools around the country are pushing their board of education to propose the policy of school uniforms nationwide, as they believe school uniforms have a very beneficial and positive effect on a student’s learning abilities, behavior, and lifestyle. School uniforms are increasingly becoming more popular throughout the United States, therefore schools across the country are aware of how the uniforms help students make higher grades,†¦show more content†¦School uniforms are typically enforced by private or charter institutions, however, public schools across the country are increasingly adopting the proposal of these uniforms. Who knew that the way a stude nt dresses everyday could have such a responsible role in the increase of their performance within the classroom? Studies conducted by David L. Brunsma, a professor at Virginia Tech, discuss the overall effect of school uniforms on a student body. The text mentions how about one in five public schools during the 2013 -2014 school year have effectively established school uniforms at their institutions. This percentage may seem doubtfully small but from the perspective of how many public schools are in the United States, which is roughly ninety-nine thousand, the number of effected schools in the country is quite a few. Although there is not any numerical percentage of how much a student’s academic achievement increases, it is well known that uniforms simply make a student feel more calm and confident in themselves in general. School uniforms are also beneficial in preventing visual distraction amongst the student body within the classroom, because with an effective school unif orm policy there are much less dress code violations from both genders that can be seen as provocative attire. .Show MoreRelatedReflection Paper1036 Words   |  5 Pagesmy father while my mother and sisters were at home. This type of experience in life would make anyone feel a bit depressed by I looked on the bright side and I learned a very important lesson. You dont value what you have until you lose it. When we moved to Mexico we lost everything our house, our furniture, and our lives basically. Eventually, the school had to begin and I had to attend it knowing about the low income in our family. I had to wear ripped khaki pants as well as an old white shirtRead MorePrimary School Teachers : Primary Teachers1680 Words   |  7 PagesPrimary school teachers educate primary school kids by arranging and directing an instruction system to create education and numeracy, and additionally the physical, enthusiastic, scholarly and social development of their understudies. Some indivi dual prerequisites of primary teachers include: enjoying working with kids; are innovative and sorted out; are understanding in managing understudies of varying capacities; and have the capacity to convey basically and unmistakably. From numerous pointsRead MoreThe Internet And Its Impact On The Web1113 Words   |  5 PagesThe Internet has become one of, if not the quickest way to access information since most students would prefer to turn to these Internet resources first. There’s an estimate of 120 million Internet users in the United States, surfing the web daily. That is why the web has evolved into a more accessible and user friendly place where a person is able to search for the information they want. Therefore, it is crucial for a website to maintain its accessibility and user-friendly characteristic by keepingRead MoreCharles Dickens and William Marleys Beliefs in the Welfare for Children1479 Words   |  6 PagesEve, the book had sold fifteen thousand copies, and Dickens had honoured his promise. Throughout the United Kingdom, people spoke the names Scrooge, Cratchit, Fezziwig... and Marley. Dickens believed that if all children, whatever their circumstance, could attend school, society would benefit. The social message of A Christmas Carol inspired widespread enthusiasm for universal education; enthusiasm which gained momentum throughout the Victorian era, even in far distant corners of the HerRead MorePublic School Vs. Public Schools2041 Words   |  9 Pagesthe United States, we see a a nation found on the basis of Christianity which is put together to follow the bible and principles of God. Yet we live in a world where at some public school s like Kankakee School District 111 that I attended where the bible isn t taught or spoke on in classes. Although at private school s they focus on Christianity because of the school being â€Å"private† rather than public. I feel like Christianity should be taught in public school s just like private school s teachRead MoreLearning from My Educational Experiences in Jamaica: Meaningful Learning takes Place in Motiv ated Children2189 Words   |  9 PagesJamaica and raised with two brothers and one sister but I migrated to the United States in 1988. In Jamaica no matter how poor or rich you are education was the tool out of any circumstances. As I was born in a poor family my mother and father believed that their children had to get an education for upward mobility. As soon as we were potty trained, and able to walk, all their children were sent off to Basic or Infant School. This was the practice in Jamaica ranging from ages two through six. MyRead MoreMexican Muralism4003 Words   |  17 Pagescharge of Mexico. â€Å"They called on their indigenous roots as a means to recapture their country.†(Paz 115) The Minister of Public Education, Josà © Vasconcelos, summoned artists to collaborate in the task of remaking Mexico. The Revolution can be likened to the idea of the Italian Renaissance; it was a complete rebirth of culture. â€Å"Traditional songs and dances were taught to sc hool children, popular art was extolled, books and magazines were published, and walls were assigned to one painter or another.†(PazRead MoreOrgan3116 Words   |  13 Pagesan organizational team who support and encourage people to sign up to be an organ donor and according to their information and research there are more than 117,294 people of all ages and gender currently on the wait list for an organ transplant in United states concurrently. â€Å"The process of organ donation can save as many as eight lives through the surgical transplantation of organs from a donor of recipients. Most often donors are deceased, but some organs can be donated by living donors† (Orlowski)Read MoreAr 670-1116218 Words   |  465 PagesArmy Regulation 670–1 Uniforms and Insignia Wear and Appearance of Army Uniforms and Insignia Rapid Action Revision (RAR) Issue Date: 11 May 2012 Headquarters Department of the Army Washington, DC 3 February 2005 UNCLASSIFIED SUMMARY of CHANGE AR 670–1 Wear and Appearance of Army Uniforms and Insignia This rapid action revision, dated 11 May 2012-o Integrates the Program Executive Office Soldier products list guidance into the Uniform Quality Control Program (paraRead MoreAr 670-1117328 Words   |  470 PagesArmy Regulation 670–1 Uniforms and Insignia Wear and Appearance of Army Uniforms and Insignia Headquarters Department of the Army Washington, DC 3 February 2005 UNCLASSIFIED SUMMARY of CHANGE AR 670–1 Wear and Appearance of Army Uniforms and Insignia This rapid action revision of 3 February 2005-o Updates figures throughout the regulation (throughout). o Clarifies the definition of unauthorized tattoos while wearing the class A uniform (chap 1). Identifies officials responsible for

Designing for Dollars Essay Sample free essay sample

This assignment will be graded as either â€Å"complete† or â€Å"incomplete† . Please note that you must finish this first assignment in order to subject all other assignments traveling frontward in this class. The assignment will prove your ability to efficaciously use occupation hunt engines/sites to happen a suited occupation posting that meets your needs/career goals/abilities. Instruction manuals:1. Choose one relevant and current occupation poster of â€Å"real† involvement to you ( post-graduation ) from a Canadian occupation hunt engine. 2. Make a transcript of your selected occupation posting ; you keep a transcript. and a 2nd transcript will be submitted to your professor. 3. Once you have selected a occupation poster of involvement. delight besides complete the affiliated questionnaire ( 13 inquiries ) outlined on the following page. If you chose to handwrite your replies. delight guarantee that your authorship is legible. 4. Please submit a printed paper transcript of both paperss ( posting and questionnaire to your professor at the beginning of category in hebdomad 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Designing for Dollars Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Questions Student Responses – finish the followers: 1. Your name/student # . current plan country of survey and calling end station graduation: Name: Student # : Plan Name: After I graduate. as a precedence I will be: ( look into box most applicable ) * looking for full clip work in Canada * traveling to University * Other – please elaborate: 2. Are you presently working? Check applicable box. [ ] Yes presently working [ ] No non presently working 3. Make you hold any voluntary experience? Check applicable box. [ ] Yes I have volunteer experience [ ] No I do non hold any voluntary experience 4. What is the occupation rubric / organisation name and industry related to the occupation posting that you have selected. Does this occupation align with your field of survey? Check applicable box. The occupation rubric for this place is: The company hiring is: [ ] Yes it aligns with my field of survey [ ] No it does non aline with my field of survey. Then choose another occupatio n. 5. What cognition. accomplishments and/or abilities are required for this occupation and make you run into those standards? Check applicable box. List the cognition. accomplishments and abilities required: [ ] Yes I meet all demands [ ] No I do non run into all demands – so choose another occupation poster. 6. What instruction degree is required for this occupation and make you run into those standards? Check applicable box. List the instruction degree required: [ ] Yes I will run into this demand upon graduation [ ] No I will non run into this demand – so choose another occupation posting. 7. How much work experience is required for this occupation and make you run into those standards? Check applicable box. Sketch the Work Experience required: [ ] Yes I have this degree of work experience. [ ] No I do non hold this degree of work experience – so choose another. 8. What does this occupation wage and does it run into your fiscal needs/goals? ( if non noted. research and happen it ) Check applicable box. What will this occupation wage? It wasn’t noted. but I looked up the market value and it is: [ ] Meets my fiscal goals/needs. [ ] No it does non run into my fiscal needs/goals – so choose another. 9. How does this occupation fit your personal calling ends and involvements? Explain in point signifier. This occupation posting lucifers my personal calling ends and involvements because: 10. Explain why you take this place over all others available? Explain in point signifier. I chose this peculiar place over all others available because: 11. On a 5 point graduated table ( 1: low and 4: strong ) please rate your English authorship and presentation accomplishments. I perceive my English authorship skill degree to be at this degree: I perceive my English presentation accomplishment degree to be at this degree: 12. Have you made two transcripts of the occupation poster ; [ ] Yes. one transcript for me. and one transcript for my professor. [ ] No. Then delight make so. 13. Is at that place anything else that you want me to cognize approximately you as it relates to this class and/or your calling ends?

Transcendent Life Review Essay Example

Transcendent Life Review Paper Essay on Transcendent Life By Didier Van Kovelart I always expect some extraordinary stroke in the book, unaccustomed to mass consciousness, whether it is the cloning of Christ, the love of porn star, wrestling with his counterpart. In this book, the author also began with a few non-standard, even though we already know the course, namely the devitalization of the protagonist. The book begins with the words: Â «I died at seven oclock in the morning. the heros body is really dead, but in the soul remains with the body and began to contemplate what is happening after his death, and at the same time to analyze the events of his life, We will write a custom essay sample on Transcendent Life Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Transcendent Life Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Transcendent Life Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer as well as the lives of their loved ones. Sam hero I did not like, once a weak man, who during his life could not rebuild their lives, was not understood by his wife, was not like a son, and entangled in the fight against wasteland bourgeois perception he found a temporary rest in the open arms of the young mistress arabki. The idea that Van Kovelart keeps behind the scenes, because this right is not written, it looks something like this: People, as long as you are alive, look around you, hug your loved ones feel your love for him. The majority in order to understand such a need does not die, but the hero realizes that he still loves his wife after the death of that sons school problems, and that the boy still could find podhod- only hovered over them, disembodied spirit, getting into their brains, watching them all from. Sometimes it was not bad witty replicas, a pity that there were very few. Funny situations napr.notarius publicly reads the will, which says that Jack (the name of the soul in his lifetime) asks to be buried in a coffin-fantasy, which is a masterpiece of Ghanaian wood carving and has the shape of a fish with fins that the wife asks otpilis in due to the fact that the tomb does not fit into the grave. still, the book made me bored, because may not be a bad idea, killing hero, force him to comment on what is happening, actions and behavior of people after his departure from life. But, with all this, Kovelart of this topic did not comedy, but in vain, the idea was the basis for the view of the French heartland, with its hardware stores, family problems Jacques and Fabeny, their son, pesky pustozvonok neighbors, lovers, friends, unrealistic expectations of life in general. In general, any God you nor Archangels, nor the Last Judgment, but only a philistine problemki. Oh, sorry

Free Essays on The Federal Period

The Federal Period The time after the Revolutionary War when America was beginning a new consciousness, marked by its recently acquired independence, was called the Federal Period. American furniture makers still modeled designs from England but soon created styles with balanced proportions and symmetrical lines associated with classical design. Styles were generally named for the monarchs who reigned or for the design influences that prevailed at the time the style was introduced. There was usually a time lag before the style became popular in America because much of America’s colonial population lived in rural areas where tradition was important and fashions changed slowly. A new style might be introduced in Boston at the same time an old style was still popular in the country. The architectural designs emphasized high ceilings and large open areas which allowed for more decorative elements. A federal period parlor would typically have been decorated with the classically inspired wallpaper and moldings, swag curtains, and a carpet that resembled a Roman tiled floor. The use of decorative cotton dimity or chintz slipcovers were to protect the wool upholstery from insects and sun during the summer. Furniture from this period is characterized by a delicate, geometric look and the use of classical motifs as urns and swags. Inlay, veneer, carving, and paint are used for decoration. Chairs have turned, reeded or tapered legs and square or shield shaped backs. The names of two English designers, Thomas Sheraton and George Hepplewhite are closely associated with these styles. One of the most popular designs was the Windsor chair which was used in every room of the house by the Federal Period. Many of the popular styles are shown on the page attached to this report. A lot of the furniture was made out of native black walnut, yellow pine, white oak, maple rose and satinwood. To lower the cost of the furniture the ... Free Essays on The Federal Period Free Essays on The Federal Period The Federal Period The time after the Revolutionary War when America was beginning a new consciousness, marked by its recently acquired independence, was called the Federal Period. American furniture makers still modeled designs from England but soon created styles with balanced proportions and symmetrical lines associated with classical design. Styles were generally named for the monarchs who reigned or for the design influences that prevailed at the time the style was introduced. There was usually a time lag before the style became popular in America because much of America’s colonial population lived in rural areas where tradition was important and fashions changed slowly. A new style might be introduced in Boston at the same time an old style was still popular in the country. The architectural designs emphasized high ceilings and large open areas which allowed for more decorative elements. A federal period parlor would typically have been decorated with the classically inspired wallpaper and moldings, swag curtains, and a carpet that resembled a Roman tiled floor. The use of decorative cotton dimity or chintz slipcovers were to protect the wool upholstery from insects and sun during the summer. Furniture from this period is characterized by a delicate, geometric look and the use of classical motifs as urns and swags. Inlay, veneer, carving, and paint are used for decoration. Chairs have turned, reeded or tapered legs and square or shield shaped backs. The names of two English designers, Thomas Sheraton and George Hepplewhite are closely associated with these styles. One of the most popular designs was the Windsor chair which was used in every room of the house by the Federal Period. Many of the popular styles are shown on the page attached to this report. A lot of the furniture was made out of native black walnut, yellow pine, white oak, maple rose and satinwood. To lower the cost of the furniture the ...

Connective Adverbs However, Nevertheless, Nonetheless

Connective Adverbs However, Nevertheless, Nonetheless However, nevertheless, and nonetheless convey the same unexpected result. However, nevertheless and nonetheless are more formal and are usually used only in writing. These words are known as connective adverbs. In other words, they introduce an idea that connects to the preceding sentence. Example Sentences Were having difficulties with the project. Nevertheless, well finish on time.Weve been working hard all week. However, well have to continue next week as well. Sometimes its difficult to know whether to use a perfect form (Hes lived here for three years) or the progressive perfect form (Hes been working for three hours). Find out when to use either form in the past, present or future. Speaking English is not only about using proper grammar. To use American English effectively, you need to understand the culture in which it is spoken. Here are a number of important tips to remember when speaking English in the United States.

Apple Computer, Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Apple Computer, Inc - Essay Example One of the most widespread SCM definitions explains this kind of management as a crucial business process integration starting from commercial user and including all goods, services and information suppliers, who can add value for any customer or other person concerned. 2005 is going to be a big year for Apple. Soon, we're going to see updated iPods (probably with wifi), updated G5 (possibly with dual core processors and faster speeds), cheaper iMac G5s (where'd the computer go now), wireless media accessories for your home (AirportExpress on steroids) and the operating system that will be leaving most people asking the question - why Microsoft Windows - Apple's OS X 10.4 Tiger expected out next month. Apple is working with its supply chain to find alternatives that are environmentally friendly and provide functionality equal to that of conventional backlight lamps. So let's try to analyze Apple's predatory supply chain with an iPod example. Steve Jobs had made the smart moves, including the small footprint, the iTunes jukebox ease of use, pricing, and the ability to support music, pod casts, and digital photos. This was all before the launch of the new iPod, capable of storing 150 hours of video. But the smartest move was buying most of the world' s supply of flash memory.

The Differences Between Islamic Banking and Conventional Banking Essay

The Differences Between Islamic Banking and Conventional Banking System - Essay Example This essay discusses the Banks, that play a crucial role in the management of money from depositors and lending money to the needy, today banks are also indispensable for and international payments system. Individuals, organizations or governments do not only need banks as safe custody of their money, but they all also need to circulate their funds like money getting transferred from buyers to sellers or employers to employees. In this case banks play a prominent role too. They handle payments like issuing personal cheques to making electronic payments of large amounts between banks. In today’s era of international trade, most payments are administered instantly. An efficiently managed system of payments is indispensable for a stable and growing economy, and any inefficiency in the payments system can hinder smooth trade and therefore can significantly hamper economic growth. In this ongoing global economic recession, the Islamic banking structure that is described in the essa y is gaining increasing popularity among the non-Muslims across the world due to its broader product services and its ability to stand against the odds of economic recession where many conventional banks are collapsing. The major purpose of Islamic banking system is to manage and distribute finance in the manner that complies with the Islamic laws and principles. The growing popularity of Islamic banks among the non-Muslims is due to its â€Å"strict lending principles, reflecting industry efforts to transcend religious beliefs to gain greater market share†

Speech of teachers day Essay Example for Free

Speech of teachers day Essay Whether any prosecution detention fine conviction sentence against you has been awarded by any court of law for any offence? If yes, particulars of the same other details whether desirous of taking pre-exam training only for SC St religious minority communities ex- servicemen if yes, Centre for training languages known read write speak HINDI ENGLISH YES declaration I hereby declare that all statements made in this application are true, complete and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief. I understand that in the event of any information being found untrue or incorrect at any stage or I am not satisfying any of the eligibility criteria stipulated, my candidature is liable to be cancelled place: date: 30-08-2014 please retain your registration No. and Password emailed to you carefully for further reference NOTE: please do not send the application printout to IBPS Visit a shop and you will find thousands of books lying in shelves. You may choose a book that suits you. It may be a book on literature, history of any other subject. It may be a book having a novel, a drama or a number of poems in it. It may be a picture book. Whichever interest you, you may go in for it. People call me a book-worm. I read books, which give me great interest. I like of heroism. Therefore I like the Ramayana. The Ramayana written in English by Rajagopal acharya, the late governor general of India, is a very good book. But I like Hindi Ramayana, which is called ‘Ram Charit Manas’, written by Goswami Tulsi Dass, the great Indian Saint poet. The verses in Hindi are really interesting. I have read the English version of it as told earlier. I know the story of the Ramayana. Because I am fond of singing songs, therefore I sing verses of â€Å"Ram Charit Manas.† I like the story of the Lord Rama, as he was an ideal son of his ideal father. He was an ideal husband of an ideal wife. He was an ideal brother of Lakshaman, another ideal bother. Again he was an ideal ruler, who saved the people. Everyone could approach him at the time of distress. Lord Rama’s tale of heroism has actually moved my heart. I wish that the people of the country should follow his foot-steps. He was great in many respects. We can be proud to know that our country had such a great ruler. Thus, people used to worship Lord Rama as they do even today. Lord Rama fought against the forces of evil. He used to serve and help the saints and people of his time. It is a great quality of any ruler. He was a hero. He knew what he had to do. He followed his own principles of life. Visit a shop and you will find thousands of books lying  in shelves. You may choose a book that suits you. It may be a book on literature, history of any other subject. It may be a book having a novel, a drama or a number of poems in it. It may be a picture book. Whichever interests you, you may go in for it. People call me a book-worm. I read books, which give me a great interest. I like of heroism. Therefore I like the Ramayana. The Ramayan written in English by Rajagopal acharya, the late governor general of India. The quick brown fox jumps right over the lazy dog the quick brown fox jumps right over the lazy dog the quick brown fox jumps right over the lazy dog the quick brown fox jumps right over the lazy dog the quick brown fox jumps right over the lazy dog the quick brown fox jumps right over the lazy dog the quick brown fox jumps right over the lazy dog the quick brown fox jumps right over the lazy dog the quick brown fox jumps right over the lazy dog the quick brown fox jumps right over the lazy dog the quick brown fox jumps right over the lazy dog the quick brown fox jumps right over the lazy dog the quick brown fox jumps right over the lazy dog the quick brown fox jumps right over the lazy dog the quick brown fox jumps right over the lazy dog the quick brown fox jumps right over the lazy dog The cherries that Raki was eating were sour and sweet both â€Å"The grandfather say so† because he wanted him to use it Raki dashed over to see a pale, pink blossom at the end of a branch One sunny morning grandfather showed a pink blossom at the end of the branch Raki removed the caterpillar because a goat had already eaten its leaves Human activities like the cutting of trees and killing of animals have endangered many plants and animals human activities are the biggest threat to natural resources Ozonehole Mein (Your Name) is Shikshak Divas jaise Vishesh Din mein aap sabka swagat karthi hoon.. Hum har saal 5 Sithambar ko shikshakon ko vishesh sammaan dene ke liye shikshak divas ka aayojan karthe hain.. Yeh Samaj ek Bade parivar Jaise hai.. Is parivar mein kayi Dharma aur kayi Jaat-paat ke log rehte hain.. Is samaj ko samaj banaye rakhne ka mahatvapoorna kaam karthe hai Samaj ke Shilpakar yaani Shikshak.. Shikshak Samaj ke aise shilpakar hain jo bina kisi moh ke is samaj ko Sajathe hain.. Aise Shikshakon ko Sahi Sthan Dilane Ke liye hum hamare Bharath mein hi nahi poore duniya Shikshak Din  manathe hain. Har saal hum Bharatwaasi 5 Sithambar ko hi Shikshak Din kyun manathe hai Bharat ke Purva Rashtrapathi Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan ke Janam Din ko hi Bharat ke shikshak divas ke roop mein manaya jaata hai.. Unke Janam din ko Shikshak Divas Manakar Hum sab bharath vaasi Dr.Radhakrishna ke prathi samman vyakt karthe hain.. Is Vishesh Din mein, main Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishna Ji ke Sammaan karte huye kuch shabd bolna chahti/chahta hoon..Sarvapalli Radhakrishna Ji Swatantra Bharat ke Dusre Rashtrpathi hai.. Unka Janma 5 (Paanch) Sithambar 1888 (Attra Sau Atthasi) ko Tamilnadu ke ek pavitra Thirtha Sthal gram mein hua tha.. Inke Pitha Sarvapalli Veeraswamy ek Garib kintu Vidhvan Brahmman they. Kayin Jimmedhaariyon ke kaaran Radhakrishna ji ko bachpan mein kaafi kathinaayion ka saamna karna pada.. Inke Pitha ek Dhaarmik Vicharon wale insaan they phir bhi unhone Radhakrishna ji ko Ek Christian missionary school, Tirupathi mein padne ke liye Dhaakal kiye they.. Iske Baad vah Tamilnadu ke Vellore aur Madras College mein apna shikshan pure kiye they.. Vah shuru se hi ek medhavi chaatra rahe they.. Radhakrishnaji ke yogyatha ko dekhte huye Unhe Saunvidhaan Nirrmaathri Sabha ka sadasya banaya gaya tha. Isi beech unhe Khyathi Praapt Vishwavidhyalayon

An Edition Of The Rover :: essays research papers fc

An Edition of The Rover   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This project grew out of an exercise designed primarily to give graduate students practical experience in the processes of textual bibliography. It was continued and completed based on two beliefs: first, that the errors found amoung extant editions are significant enough to warrant further revision, and second, that the existence of a text with format and language accessible to modern readers is essential to the survival of this important work. With these aims in mind, we have worked to produce an edition of The Rover that respects not only the believed intentions of the author and the integrity of the earliest texts, but also the needs and concerns of contemporary students, teachers, actors, directors, and audiences of all sorts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The version of the play chosen as the copy text for this edition was the second issue of the first edition, printed in 1677. The first comparison text was an issue of the second edition that was printed in 1697. The second comparison text was a 1915 volume edited by Montague Summers. Summers’ text was chosen because it is based primarily upon a 1724 collection of Behn’s dramatic pieces--a collection that, according to Summers, is â€Å"by far the best and most reliable edition of the collected theater.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most of the changes documented in the textual notes stem from substantive discrepancies between these three texts. Often these discrepancies are the result of words or phrases being inverted from one edition to another. Note 44, for instance, concerns the stage directions in a scene where Florinda hugs Belvile and his vizard falls off. In the earliest edition, the hugging precedes the unmasquing, but in the 1697 edition, the masque falls off before the embrace. The order in which these actions are performed have significant consequence for the audience’s understanding of Florinda’s motivations: is she hugging Belvile because she thinks he is Belvile, or because she thinks he is someone else? Other noted discrepancies are cases where words were omitted in one or more of the editions. In the 1677 and 1915 versions, for example, Philipo delivers the line in Act III, â€Å"Blame me not, Lucetta†; yet in the 1697 version, the line reads â€Å"Blame not Lucetta† (note 32). Again, the difference is substantial; is Philipo attempting to shift culpability from himself or from Lucetta? In these cases, unless the context of the action suggests that the changes of the later texts were logically sound (see note 61), the copy text was taken as the authoritative version.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In some instances, accidental changes were also cited in the textual notes (see notes 28, 58, and 65, for example).

Technological Momentum and Education

Hughes presents a case for talking about technological momentum as a point between two opposite ideas; social constructivism and technological determinism. This raises questions as to what exactly the relationship is between technological momentum and soft determinism. Both ideas deal with the effect society has on technology and the effect that technology has on society. I will argue that while both ideas seem to be the same, there are important distinctions to make between the two. One is that Hughes’s idea of technological momentum is time dependent.So it is sensitive to society, culture, and the changes that occur to a technological system as it matures. On the other hand, soft determinism doesn’t distinguish between when a system will tend to be affected most by society, and when that technological system will have the most influence on society. In his essay, Thomas Hughes presents a case for technological momentum. The idea of technological momentum lies between t he extremes of social constructivism and technological determinism. Social constructivism is when social or cultural forces determine technological change.Technological determinism, on the other hand, is the idea that technical forces determine social and cultural changes (Smith, 102). Within his essay Hughes points out how technological systems evolve during their lifetime to fall under either of these extremes. According to Hughes, the maturity of the system often times dictates its influence on society and the impression the society itself can have on the technological system. One might point out that the idea of technological momentum is similar to the idea of soft determinism.The soft view of determinism is the belief that technological changes drives social change, but social pressures also influence it. Both of the ideas use the view that technology effects society, and that society effects technology. The ideas of technological momentum and soft determinism are very similar in the ways that they view the relationship between society and technology, as both state that social development shapes and is shaped by technology (Smith, 102). However there are important distinctions between the two that prove that they are indeed different.One important distinction to make between technological momentum and soft determinism is that Hughes’s technological momentum is time dependent and takes into account the multitude of changes that a technological system undergoes during its lifetime. Hughes emphasizes that a young or less complex system will be influenced more by society than influence society, which maintains the social constructivist’s view that it is primarily society that influences technology and technological change within the system.Ultimately, technological momentum and soft determinism are not two concepts referring to the same idea because of the emphasis Hughes puts on time and the maturity of the technological system, and how that pl ays a role in whether it’s technologically deterministic or socially constructed. In his essay Technological Momentum, Hughes uses examples of various technological systems to help support his claims. His example for a system that both shaped and was shaped by society is EBASCO. The Electric Bond and Share Company (EBASCO) was an American electric utility holding company of the 1920’s.EBASCO provided financial, management, and engineering construction services for the utility companies. There are multiple instances of social construction within EBASCO’s history. Hughes begins illustrating the social constructivism side of the spectrum by showing the technological forces that helped shape the EBASCO system. â€Å"The spread of alternating (polyphase) current after 1900, for instance, greatly affected, even determined, the history of the early utilities that had used direct current, for these had to change their generators and related equipment to alternating cur rent or fail in the face of competition. Smith, 106-107)† This example demonstrates how EBASCO was technologically influenced by society. If the new alternating current technology hadn’t been gaining popularity at the time, EBASCO wouldn’t have been forced to change their equipment to keep up with the competition. Not only did external technological forces shape EBASCO’s technical core, but economic ones did as well. Hughes points out the political forces that shaped the EBASCO system during its evolution. â€Å"Small urban utilities became regional ones and then faced new political or regulatory forces as state governments took over jurisdiction from the cities.Regulations also caused technical changes (Smith, 107). † This political influence shaped the EBASCO system as well. As the state governments took over they implemented guidelines that pushed for changes within the EBASCO system if they wished to stay in business. In addition to political an d technical influences, Hughes uses an example of geographical forces playing a role in EBASCO’s development. He states â€Å"As the regional utilities of the EBASCO system expanded, the confronted geographical realities as they sought cooling water, hydroelectric sites, and mine-mouth locations (Smith, 107). Hughes would say that these geographical issues played a role in EBASCO’s development as they had to discover a way to work around some forms of geography and while learning the most efficient means to utilize the other. Hughes would say that from a social constructivists’ standpoint, these technological, economic, political, and geographic forces all, with varying levels of intensity, influenced the EBASCO system during its development. While all of these social components did influence EBASO over time, Hughes claims that â€Å"the interaction of technological systems and society is not symmetrical over time (Smith, 108). Here, Hughes emphasizes his clai m that as a system becomes larger and more complex, it gathers momentum and becomes less shaped by and more the shaper of its environment. By the 1920’s the EBASCO system was now a large technological system with capital investment, customers, and influence on local, state, and federal governments. The company also largely interacted with many industries and communities. Hughes claims that these various components added to the momentum of the EBASCO system. Hughes also uses an example of another technological system in his essay to show the role of technological determinism.As merchant ships began to be replaced by submarines during World War I, the United States attempted to increase its supply of nitrogen compounds. They selected a process that required large amounts of electricity so the government had to construct a hydroelectric dam and power station. However, before the nitrogen-fixing facilities being built near the dam were completed, the war ended. Now, the supply of synthetic nitrogen compounds exceeded the demand. The U. S. government was left not only with process facilities but also a very large dam and power plant (Smith, pg 110).In 1933, however, a hydroelectric, flood-control, soil- reclamation, and regional development project sponsored by Senator George Norris and the Roosevelt administration and presided over by the Tennessee Valley Authority became created. The technological momentum of the dam had carried over from WWI to the New Deal (Smith, pg 111). Hughes views this process of creating a technological system and observing it go beyond its original purpose and going on to shape the society in which it resides as a prime example of technological determinism.Hughes sums up the technological determinism present in the hydroelectric dam example by stating that â€Å"this durable artifact acted over time like a magnetic field attracting plans and projects suited to its characteristics. Systems of artifacts are not neutral forces; they tend to shape the environment in particular ways (Smith, pg 111). † In his essay, Hughes has some claims about when social constructivism would be the dominant influence and when technological determinism would be the stronger influence.Hughes’s idea of technological momentum can be described as a spectrum that determines the way a technological system is manipulated. On one end you have social constructivism. On this end Hughes claims that younger developing systems tend to be on this end of the spectrum because they are more open to sociocultural influence. On the other end of the spectrum lies technological determinism. Hughes claims that technological systems that are technologically deterministic tend to be the more mature systems because they are older and prove to be more independent of outside influences and therefore more deterministic in nature.By defining technological momentum as being time dependent Hughes maintains that the concept of technological moment um avoids the â€Å"extremism of both technological determinism and social construction by presenting a more complex, flexible, time-dependent, and persuasive explanation of technological change (Smith, 104). † One objection to my claim might be the fact that just because soft determinism doesn’t explicitly address time doesn’t mean that it doesn’t consider time because it would be difficult for a technological system to be socially constructed and technologically deterministic at the same time.My response would be that while it may be assumed that only one action can be done at a given time, it is not specifically stated in the description. The idea of technological momentum looks at time within the context of the maturity of the technological system. Soft determinism looks solely at whether a system can be both socially constructed and technologically deterministic, but not how this may change overtime due to the maturity of the system and the momentum it has gained.In conclusion, Hughes explains his idea of technological momentum by placing it on a spectrum with social constructivism on one end and technological determinism on the other. Technol ogical momentum is related to soft determinism because of the effect society has on society and the effect that technology has on that society. However, it is important to make an important distinction regarding time. Hughes’s technological determinism is time dependent so it is sensitive to society, culture, and the changes that occur to a technological system as it matures.

Growing Pluralisation and Fragmentation of Policing Essay

This essay aims to explore Button’s (1996) claim that ‘the growing pluralisation and fragmentation of policing†¦has challenged the public police’s claim that to be the primary policing force’. In order to do so, it will provide a general definition of both the public and private policing bodies within the United Kingdom, followed by a brief look at the history of the public Police, their progression and integration with private agencies. The essay will go on to discuss pluralisation and fragmentation, and how these are reflected within the context of the topic. Finally it will identify how various financial constraints have resulted in cutbacks and forced ‘hybrid’ policing in many areas. It will conclude with a reiteration of the main points, supporting Buttons claim that the public Police are not the primary policing force. Within this essay it is not possible to draw a definitive distinction between public Police and private policing bodies or indeed the perimeters in which each work, it is however important to understand the difference between the Police and ‘policing’ – a social function that Reiner (ibid:722 in Button 1996) describes as: ‘An aspect of social control processes which occurs universally in all social situations in which there is at least the potential for conflict, deviance, or disorder.’ Today the word ‘Police’ is used in many civilised countries to describe an organisation whom uphold the law and order in society (Met Police, 2012). Button (1996) describes the Police as: ‘The body of men and women employed by the state who patrol the streets, deal with crime, and ensure order and who undertake a range of other social type functions’. It could it be reasonably argued that the primary difference between public and private police is legislative powers i.e. public police have powers of arrest for arrestable offences not committed within their view where there are reasonable grounds for suspicion (private police can`t make these kinds of arrests) (Citizens Advice Bureau 2012). Circa 1856 members of public, ordinarily the victims, largely conducted policing activities. Any person suspected of committing a crime would be taken to the ‘Parish Constable’, an unpaid position to uphold order (Victorian crime and punishment, 2006). The Police as we know them today were formed in 1829 following the collapse of the ‘Parish Constable’ system (Met Police, 2012). Home Secretary of the time, Sir Robert Peel, was responsible for passing the first Metropolitan Police act forming the Metropolitan Police force, although this only really came to fruition in 1839 when the new City of London Police took control of all independent police activities (Met Police, 2012). G4S (2012) explain that private Police enterprises started out as a very basic, 4-man bicycle team, providing a guard-protection force. ‘The earliest roots in the UK appeared in 1935 when a former cabinet minister launched ‘Night Watch Services’. Historically, pre World War II, private security was frowned upon, seen as thuggery, sneaks and spies with private interests, however, since the War private security has been accepted as a supplement to the much-overburdened public Police. More recently governments have actively encouraged the commercial private sector support to Police, accepting that the extensive and complex nature of crime requires more than the Police have to offer (Bayley and Shearing, 1996). To fully address Button’s statement, it is necessary to understand the definition of pluralisation and fragmentation, and importantly how this is represented within the context of the statement. It is generally accepted that, in many countries, ‘policing’ is now both authorised and delivered by diverse networks of commercial bodies, voluntary and community groups, individual citizens, national and local governmental regulatory agencies, as well as the public police (Jones and Newburn, 2006). Jones and Newburn (2006:6) continue, suggesting that there has always been an array of policing bodies however the last decade has seen a rapid increase in ‘visible’ policing providers. While Bayley and Shearing (1996) note that: ‘In the past 30 years the state’s monopoly on policing has been broken by the creation of a host of private and community-based agencies that prevent crime, deter criminality, catch law-breakers, investigate offences, and stop conflict. The police and policing have become increasingly distinct.’ It is this fragmentation or use of numerous agencies to uphold law and order within the community that Button refers to as pluralisation. Whilst we can say that policing bodies have been coexistent for some time; in recent years heavy financial constraints placed upon the public Police have forced a much larger, lateral, recruitment of private agencies to assist in back room and specialist Police departments. Newburn and Jones (2002) suggest that this may be due to: ‘Increasing constraints on police expenditure and that, as a consequence, other forms of provision have expanded to fill the gap.’ This largely came to the public eye in 1983 when the Home Office issued a circular (114/83, Manpower, Effectiveness and Efficiency) outlining the need for the Police force to demonstrate value for money in line with other public services (Smith and Henry, 2007:27 in Johnston, 1992). During the 1980’s Conservative administrations offered national police forces, financial incentives to, where possible, employ civilians in positions that did not require police power, training or experience (Jones and Newburn, 2002). This, however, is not a new concept, as explained by Jones, Newburn and Smith ((1994) in Jones and Newburn, 2002), ‘the employment of civilians in the police service has a long history, dating back to the early stages of this century’. Changes forced by financial shortages are highlighted by Houghton (2012), suggesting that due to budget constraints policing bodies have been forced to look at radical options such as privatisation as opposed to more common measures previously used like a minimum rate of change. Chief Superintendent Phil Kay was quoted in the Guardian (2012), as overseeing the joint West Midlands/Surrey â€Å"transformation† programme, designed to deal with the challenging financial conditions the force currently faced. As part of the programme West Midlands and Surrey constabularies intend to out source a variety of policing activities such as investigating crimes, developing cases, managing intelligence, as well as more traditional back-office functions, such as managing forensics, finance and human resources. In 2010/11 the Police Officer training course profile consisted of a 95 day course followed by three further 5 day interventions over the full 2 year probationary period. The total cost of training a police officer under this model was estimated at  £16,694 (the Met, 2011). These figures are in addition to a starting wage in the region of  £28,000 –  £32,000 per annum, housing allowance, contributions to private health care, free eye tests/spectacles and a London based Police Officer could expect to receive an additional  £6,500 per annum (The Met, 2012). In 2009-2010,  £1 from every  £7 of tax paid in England and Wales was used to pay a Police pension (The Telegraph, 2012). It is difficult to determine an accurate figure as to the raw cost of just one Officer per annum. However, when you begin to assess a similar monetary breakdown for a private contractor conducting a policing activity, such as a public space CCTV operator, the costs are poles apart. Individuals can complete a 30 hour course that will impart sufficient specialised knowledge for the user to be deemed competent and ‘possess the legal and technical expertise to operate CCTV systems according to the latest industry standards and the BS standard’, for a cost of approximately  £150 (AAB Training, 2012). Following the introduction of the Private Security Industry Act in 2001, to legally operate CCTV within a public space, operators must hold a current SIA licence, available at a cost of  £220 (SIA, Home Office, 2012). In a recent paper the Home Secretary, Right Honorable Theresa May MP (2010), claimed that: ‘Spending on the police has increased by 24% in real terms since 2000/01 and stands at  £13 billion a year today. Over the past decade the focus on public spending has been on money rather than value for money†¦ Government and police forces have wasted money.’ In the UK, Police are continually trying to ensure that there is a â€Å"visible presence†, a member of the uniformed police, on the streets. However in 1985 Bayley documented that in the United States of America, due to ‘staffing and deployment rules, 10 additional officers must be hired in order to get one extra uniformed police officer on the streets around the clock throughout the year’ (Bayley 1985, as cited in Bayley and Shearing, 1996). They continue to state that the incremental cost of a unit of â€Å"visible presence† on American streets is, therefore, about $500,000 – 10 times a patrol officer’s average annual salary plus benefits (Bayley and Shearing, 1996). More recently in the UK financial constraints on the public Police have resulted in numerous cases of ‘outsourcing’ of back room and support staffing from the private sector. G4S have won several contracts to support the Police including a support services contract with the Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire and Hertfordshire Constabularies. Managing Director of G4S Policing Support Services, John Shaw states: ‘Clearly in these times of austerity forces are investigating alternative ways of delivering the support services that underpin effective and efficient police operations and we are confident that by working with G4S the three forces will be able to make considerable savings which they will be able to redirect to frontline policing (G4S, 2012)’. ‘Many UK forces face budget cuts and had considered outsourcing work to save cash and bridge a 126 million pound funding gap.’ (Reuters 2012). As we can see, budgetary constraints have forced the public Police to investigate various options in order to maintain society’s persistent desire to see the Police force ‘policing’, as in on the streets. This need to reassess and outsource has naturally left a ‘grey area’ in the classification between the state, tax funded, public Police force and commercial, private policing bodies. Loader’s (2000) theory, that this shift in approach, ‘Police to policing’, is a transformation. He describes policing bodies that range from Government Police, through to ‘hybrid’ agencies, government provided services including CCTV monitoring etc. etc. (Loader, 2000, as cited in Mazerolle and Ransley, 2005). In 2003, following a Government Green paper, Policing: Building safer communities together (Tim Newburn, 2012), the first key, high profile, ‘hybrid’ style organisation designed as an integral support unit to the Police was formed. Whilst the Serious Organised Crime Agency (SOCA) was created and is funded by the central Government it remains operationally independent of the Police. Again a ‘grey area’ emerges as recruitment is often from within the various established Police departments, NCIS, NCS MI5. The emergence of such hybrid policing is one of the largest and least studied changes affecting law enforcement. Largely as a result of privatisation and contracting-out, Britain now has the following semi-private, semi-public bodies: the Atomic Energy Agency Police; the Transport Police; the Customs and Excise Investigation Division; the National Rivers Authority, the Post Office Investigation Department; and so on and on (The Economist, 1997). Whilst many see the ever increasing ‘privatisation’ of the public Police force and their roles, it is important to remember that this is not a new concept. Private security agencies have been assisting in law and order in the UK for centuries; many have come to rely on them, seeing them as an integral part of homeland security. The Shadow Home Secretary, Yvette Cooper, recently stated that the future of policing should be based upon the principles set out by Sir John Peel, suggesting that ‘Public–private partnerships can be really important for the police, especially on things like new technology, and the police will need new contracts (The Telegraph, 2012)’. On one hand the continued employment of private sector personnel to conduct backroom and technical policing activities fulfills the need of Police Officers to be seen to be ‘policing’ however in doing so it fuels the fire for the pluralisation and ‘hybrid’ policing bodies that are becoming increasingly common throughout the UK. As Button suggests ‘Policing has become pluralized. Police are no longer the primary crime-deterrent presence in society; they have been supplanted by more numerous private providers of security (Bayley and Shearing 1996: 588).’ In conclusion, there are many things that have shaped and changed the way in which the Police force operate and the manner in which they uphold the law. However, the role of the Police Officer has changed dramatically over the years, the UK population has increased exponentially, they have faced severe manning and budgetary cutbacks, coupled with the rapid pace of evolving criminality, all of which have forced the Police to assess what are the core functions that cannot be filled by anyone other than a uniformed, lawful, Police Officer with powers of arrest. As a result out sourcing to experts and or backroom personnel is rapidly becoming the norm. In essence Button’s claim is true, due to financial constraints and social change, the public Police are no longer the primary policing force, more accurately it is a ‘hybrid’ of both the public Police assisted by numerous private and Governmental agencies. References AAB Training, (2012), ‘CCTV Training Courses’, http://www.aabtraining.co.uk/security_training/cctv_training.php, (Accessed 30th October 2012) Button, M. (2002) Private Policing, Cullompton: Willan David H. Bayley; Clifford D. Shearing (1996), ‘The Future of Policing’, Law & Society Review, Vol. 30, No. 3, 585-606 G4S (2012), ‘Electronic monitoring for Scottish Government’, http://www.g4s.uk.com/en-GB/Media%20Centre/News/2012/09/21/Electronic%20monitoring%20for%20Scottish%20Government/, (Accessed 17th October 2012) G4S (2012), ‘History’, http://www.g4s.uk.com/en-GB/Who%20we%20are/History/, (Accessed 17th October 2012) G4S (2012), ‘Police outsourcing statement’, http://www.g4s.uk.com/en-GB/Media%20Centre/News/2012/08/22/Police%20outsourcing%20statement/, (Accessed 17th October 2012) John Houghton, (2012) â€Å"The â€Å"not so new† plans to privatise policing†, Safer Communities, Vol. 11 Iss: 4, 191 – 194 Les Johnston (1992) in David J. Smith and Alistair Henry, (2007), ‘Transformations of Policing’, The Trajectory of Private Policing, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd Loader, (2000), From Police to policing: transformation and pluralisation, in L. Mazerolle and J. Ransley (2005), ‘Third Party Policing: Cambridge’, 19 Reuters (2012), ‘West Midlands police latest to axe outsourcing plans’, http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/11/22/uk-britain-police-outsourcing-idUKBRE8AL0BB20121122, (Accessed 22 November 2012) Security HR (date unknown), ‘Public Police and Private Security’, Impact of Blurred Boundaries on Accountability ‘Gap’, http://www.securityhr.co.uk/Private-Security-and-Public-Police-Blurring-Boundaries.pdf, (Accessed 19th October 2012) SIA, Home Office, (2012), ‘Public Space Surveillance (CCTV)’, http://www.sia.homeoffice.gov.uk/Pages/licensing-cctv.aspx, (Accessed 30th October 2012) The Economist, (1997), ‘Welcome to the new world of private security’, http://www.economist.com/node/86147, (Accessed 30th October 2012) The Guardian (2012), ‘Police Federation vice-chairman says privatisation could destroy service’, http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2012/mar/03/police-federation-vice-chairman-warn ing, (Accessed 19th October 2012) The Metropolitan Police Force (2011), ‘Directorate of Human Resources’, http://www.met.police.uk/foi/pdfs/disclosure_2011/may/2011040001974.pdf, (Accessed 19th October 2012) The Metropolitan Police Force (2012), ‘New Constable’, http://www.metpolicecareers.co.uk/newconstable/pay_and_benefits.html, (Accessed 29th October 2012) The Telegraph, (2012), ‘Police pensions unaffordable as tax payer contributions near 2Bn’, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/pensions/9110995/Police-pensions-unaffordable-as-taxpayer-contributions-near-2bn.html, (Accessed 29th October 2012) The Telegraph, (2012), ‘We don’t want private companies patrolling the streets’, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/labour/9584002/Yvette-Cooper-We-do-not-want-private-companies-patrolling-the-streets.html, (Accessed 30th October 2012) Theresa May MP, (2010), ‘Home Office’, Policing in the 21st century: Reconnecting Police and the people, http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/consultations/policing-21st-century/policing-21st-full-pdf?view=Binary, (Accessed 30th October 2012) Tim Newburn, (2008), ‘Handbook of policing’, Policing since 1945, Willian, Second edition. 100 Treveor Jones and Tim Newburn, (2006), Plural Policing: A Comparative Study. Routledge, 1 Trevor Jones and Tim Newburn (1994), ‘The Transformation of Policing’, understanding current trends in policing, The Centre for Crime and Justice

FedEx Companys Marketing Recommendations

FedEx Companys Marketing Recommendations Overview FedEx has enjoyed regional dominance in parcel and cargo deliver in Southern China for a couple of years. When it entered Chinese market in 1995, FedEx enjoyed a brief monopoly of international deliveries in Southern China. It also had a stake in Hong Kong and other Cities in mainland China.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on FedEx Companys Marketing Recommendations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With at least 11 weekly flights to and from Hong Kong, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen, FedEx had a considerable Market Share in U.S.-China delivery. While entering Chinese market in 1995, FedEx opted for frontal-assault marketing strategy which was used in Europe in 1980s. The strategy was successful despite the Asian devaluation currency in 1997. However, the company recorded its first international quarterly loss in 2008. The 2008 loss and poor deliveries to China ware expected to be compensated by increased Chinese export to western countries especially the United States. The company had nearly locked out competitors from southern China market of Guangzhou and Shenzhen which represented the largest manufacturing base in China. FedEx controlled over 13% of international deliveries in the region by 2001. It faced stiff competition from UPS, DHL, TNT and China post EMS international delivery express. It is now necessary for it to protect its market from competitors and venture into new ones. However, domestic express deliveries have been limited by bureaucracy and biased regulations from Chinese Communist Party government with the aim of shielding local investors and China Post from international competition. Competitors like DHL and UPS entered joint ventures with Chinese firms like Sinotrans and China Post. China joined World Trade Organization and agreed to remove some regulations by 2005. This would allow fair competition between local and international delivery companies. C ompetitors have entered agreements and bought local Chinese firms with hope of capitalizing on the situation.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Recommendation 1 FedEx should venture into un-tapped market in remote Parts of China though increased investment. Justification The Chinese economy accounts for slightly over 1% of world economy but its growth rate is one of the highest with an average of over 10% in the last few years. Several cities in China rely on local companies to deliver parcels and cargo to international destinations. However, the parcels and cargo take several days to reach their destinations. Furthermore, Southen Chinese cities are increasing their manufacturing capacities which increase their exports too. Therefore, most business establishments require fast delivery services for mails and cargo. Although competitors like UPS and DHL have been expanding their markets recently, there are enough opportunities for expansion. The investment should be based on the agreement between China and WTO to full deregulate domestic markets and lift foreign ownership restriction on local businesses by the year 2005. International companies can buy local firms or establish joint investments with Chinese citizens. FedEx can capitalize on this situation to expand its market to other Chinese cities which require international deliveries on daily basis. Implementation Before the final day of full deregulation of domestic markets and lifting of ownership restriction on local businesses, FedEx should keenly follow Chinese government steps towards achieving the WTO target. During every deregulation step, FedEx should invest to ensure that it is ahead of its main competitors. Meanwhile, it should continue offering quality services to its current customers and expand in its traditional market of southern China. Continued quality services will ear n FedEx recommendation to new companies and those experiencing delayed or poor delivery services offered by other companies. Recommendation 2 FedEx should enter into joint ventures with existing companies which have reliable networks within China.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on FedEx Companys Marketing Recommendations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Justification Transport and communication infrastructure is not fully developed in China. This means that there are several cities, towns and villages which are hard to gain access to yet they require delivery services. However, State owned China Post and some private companies have been operating in these areas for several years despite the poor accessibility. FedEx can make use of these organisations to reach customers who have not gained access to reliable international delivery services. United Postal Services has gained access to the southern China through Ya ngtze River Express Airlines. DHL has acquired some percentage of Sinotrans to make it competitive in the region. FedEx can counter ths competition by enhancing relationship with its existing partners and enter into agreements with new ones. Since TNT was expected to end its engagement with Sinotrans by 2003. FedEx can capitalize on that and enter into business agreements with Sinotrants to fill the gap left by TNT. Although TNT is entering into joint venture with a subsidiary of China Post, customers who relied on its venture with Sinotrants will be left without reliable delivery service. This is a good opportunity for FedEx to explore. Implementation FedEx must establish weather partners are reliable or not before it enter into joint ventures with them. This will ensure that their reliable and quality services are not jeopardized. Back ground check should be carried out before an agreement is reached to keep off companies with poor public approval in their areas of operation. Alte rnately, FedEx can identify local courier and delivery companies which can be trusted by customers in their respective areas and then enter into joint ventures with them. Finally, when the company has established enough links with customers, it can improve its services while it introduces other competitive services to their new customers.

Valentines Day Quotes to Share with Our Friends

Valentines Day Quotes to Share with Our Friends Valentines Day is primarily for lovers. But you can also celebrate Valentines Day with your friends. Strengthen the bond of friendship with a simple act of love. Let your friend know how much you enjoy his or her companionship with these Valentines Day quotes for friends. Why We Need Friends It is important to remember our friends on Valentines Day, because they are close to our hearts, wherever they are, however long its been since weve seen them. And thats because... Friends are as companions on a journey, who ought to aid each other to persevere in the road to a happier life. - Greek philosopher PythagorasA friend is our alter ego - Greek philosopher ZenoA friend is a second self - Greek philosopher AristotleLove unlocks doors and opens windows that werent even there before. - American journalist Mignon McLaughlin, The Second Neurotics NotebookMiracles occur naturally as expressions of love. The real miracle is the love that inspires them. In this sense, everything that comes from love is a miracle. - American author Marianne WilliamsonThe cure for all ills and wrongs, the cares, the sorrows and the crimes of humanity, all lie in the one word love. It is the divine vitality that everywhere produces and restores life. - American abolitionist Lydia Maria ChildWalking with a friend in the dark is better than walking alone in the light. - Helen KellerHe who loves 50 people has 50 woes; he who loves no one has no woes. - Buddha, founder of Bu ddhism Why Friendship Is Better Than Love Lets face it: in our long lives, lovers come and go; love grows and fades and grows again. So there are significant reasons why our friends fill the gap that our lovers cant. Whether we have lovers or not, we still need friendship. Friendship always benefits; love sometimes injures. - Roman Stoic philosopher SenecaThere is an important difference between love and friendship. While the former delights in extremes and opposites, the latter demands equality. - Francoise DAubegne Maintenon, second wife to Louis XIV of FranceLove is life. And if you miss love, you miss life. - American writer Leo BuscagliaFriendship marks a life even more deeply than love. Love risks degenerating into obsession, friendship is never anything but sharing. - American political activist Elie WieselFriendship is really the finest balm for the pangs of disappointed love. - British writer Jane Austen, Northanger Abbey.A friend who is far away is sometimes much nearer than one who is at hand. - Lebanese poet Kahlil Gibran Lovers as Friends Sometimes, if were very lucky, our lovers are also our best friends. Come, let us take our fill of love until the morning: let us solace ourselves with loves. - Bible (Book of Proverbs)Love is friendship, friendship is love. If love fails, friendship should remain. For friendship is the foundation of love. - Author UnknownMy love, you know you are my best friend. You know that Id do anything for you, and my love, let nothing come between us. My love for you is strong and true. - American songwriter Sarah McLachlanWe loved with a love that is more than love. - American novelist and poet Edgar Allan Poe, Annabel LeeTwo souls with but a single thought, /Â  Two hearts that beat as one. - Austrian poet Friedrich HalmWho would give a law to lovers? Love is unto itself a higher law. - Roman philosopher Boethius Lessons on Being a Friend We all need our friends; but how do we fulfill our side of the bargain? If you judge people, you have no time to love them. - Albanian-Indian Roman Catholic nun and missionary Mother TeresaLove does not dominate; it cultivates. - German writer and statesman Johann Wolfgang von GoetheSome people care too much, I think its called love. - fictional friend of A.A. Milnes young son Winnie the PoohWeve got this gift of love, but love is like a precious plant. You cant just accept it and leave it in the cupboard or just think its going to get on by itself. Youve got to keep watering it. Youve got to really look after it and nurture it. - British songwriter John LennonYou dont love someone for their looks or their clothes, or for their fancy car, but because they sing a song only you can hear. - British poet and playwright Oscar Wilde

The GlaxoSmithKline Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The GlaxoSmithKline Company - Case Study Example The company has had strategies which aim at meeting the needs of the consumers both locally and internationally. However in the international markets GlaxoSmithKline Company adapted various strategies which take into account the cultural backgrounds of the consumers, the consumers buying habits and also the consumer's levels of their personal disposable income. This has enabled the company to further deliver a well tailored program for its marketing mix globally to suit the needs of the consumers. Unlike its domestic marketing mix GlaxoSmithKline Company which is a global player has adapted their product as well as their marketing mix strategy so as to meet the needs of the global customers. The standardization strategy for this company helps it in reducing its costs and this is because it thinks global thus helping it in establishing itself in the foreign markets. (GlaxoSmithKline Company 2007) On the other hand the domestic marketing mix of the company focuses on strategies that would help in meeting the needs of the local and also regional consumers. This does not require a lot of input as it does in the international markets. ... The company highly emphasizes on advertising its products globally and its strategies to achieve their advertising goals ensure that the issues of the language barriers are well taken care of. Similarly the company in its international promotion strategies ensures that their advertising messages are not offensive in any way to the residents of the other countries. In its international promotional strategies GlaxoSmithKline Company takes a lot of concern in the level of the media development in various countries. The company has further adapted a strategy of adapting its advertising messages to the international markets so that it can successfully meet the demands of the consumers. On the other hand in the domestic marketing mix the company has adapted the domestic promotional strategies and it does not have to lay a lot of emphasis on the language barriers as in the case of the international marketing promotional strategies. International pricing strategies GlaxoSmithKline Company has also adapted some international pricing strategies which has eased the international pricing difficulties. It puts into considerations factors such as the fixed and the variable costs, the company's objectives, the competition, the proposed company's positioning strategies as well as the target group and the willingness of the consumers to pay for the products. Similarly the company in the international pricing strategies makes considerations on the cost of transportation and it also looks into the import duties or even tariffs that could be levied on its products as they are sold on an international scale. (GlaxoSmithKline Company 2007) On the other hand the company makes considerations on the incomes of the international customers

Culture, History, and Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Culture, History, and Literature - Essay Example In this novel, Morrison uses his characters to reveal the unsolved contradictions of American racial history as well as the persistent ideologies of slavery that shaped the identity and sense of self among many Americans. The racial formations and the dominant ideology of slavery in the American culture that threatens the society’s founding promise of equal opportunity is well portrayed through the character of Frank. The direction and purpose of Frank’s journey in the novel focuses on the cultural hegemony that is fuelled by the racial subordination and inequality in the society. â€Å"A race is a concept that signifies and symbolizes social conflicts and interests.† (Omi and Winant 118). Since race is seen as an element of social structure and a dimension of human representation, racial formation implies the process of transformation of racism in a period. This racial formation is said to be evolved through a social and cultural hegemony that is organized and represented by the then society. In this sense, it can be analyzed that the society presented by Morrison in her novel Home includes the nature of racism through social prejudices, differences, inequalities, and violent oppression. As evident in the novel, various social conflicts and prejudices within the society implies the existence or formation of race. The American understanding of the ideology of race has changed over the time, affecting the perceptions and experiences of African-Americans. Particularly, after the era of Reconstruction that insisted civic equality and freedom, the American society embraced a new ideological formation of racial subordination, which presented challenges to the racial status quo that existed then. The racial inequalities resulting from the social ideologies are presented in Morrison’s novel, using characterizations,

Green Efforts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Green Efforts - Essay Example Having a proper understanding related with the environment around us is indeed important as far as a firm’s business operations and processes are concerned. This is because going green could mean cutting down on costs in a very strict way. It is a fact that a firm could look to have a campaign in place which tells everyone that this firm is pretty serious about the environments of which humanity is a part of. The green efforts will surely give a very positive feedback by the people who understand the perspective of this firm. The critics will keep on suggesting the internal mistakes and faults but the firm must be determined and solid in its stance no matter how tough the criticism turns out to be. Even the competitors can hit upon this area more and more. But this usually works to the benefit of such a firm which has actually decided to go green. It can suggest to the publics how the competitors are failing on their expectations of being environmentally clean and thus gain a higher position within their minds and hearts. Going green would make the stakeholders realize the true worth of a firm. They would generally appreciate the idea that led towards going green. They will understand the true spirit behind going green as well. At times, they would even be ready to invest more within the firm’s domains in order to come out as the winners, speaking strictly within the rat race that the firms have involved themselves of going green. However this is not a bad race to join in the first place. It could have serious positive meanings for the firm as well as for the environment. The broad perspective needs to be understood more than anything else (Boons & Strannegard, 2000). If it is benefiting the environment, there is absolutely nothing which could go against such going green efforts by the firm. Thus going green is definitely a positive sign for a firm which has

Literature Review On Foreign Direct Investment

Literature Review On Foreign Direct Investment The theory of the determinants of private investment, irrespective of whether it originates domestically or from abroad, is relevant for an understanding of what drives FDI. This has become increasingly true with the globalisation of world markets, although there remain additional factors which may inhibit or encourage FDI that would not affect domestic investment. Much of the research on the determinants of investment is based on the neoclassical theory of optimal capital accumulation pioneered by Jorgenson (1963, 1971). In this framework, a firms desired capital stock is determined by factor prices and technology, assuming profit maximisation, perfect competition and neoclassical production functions. This theory was a deliberate alternative to views expressed initially by Keynes (1936) and Kalecki (1937), that fixed capital investment Much of the research on the determinants of investment is based on the neoclassical theory of optimal capital accumulation pioneered by Jorgenson (1963, 1971). In this framework, a firms desired capital stock is determined by factor prices and technology, assuming profit maximisation, perfect competition and neoclassical production functions. This theory was a deliberate alternative to views expressed initially by Keynes (1936) and Kalecki (1937), that fixed capital investment depends on firms expectations of demand relative to existing capacity and on their ability to generate investment funds (Fazzari and Athey, 1987:481; Fazzari and Mott, 1986:171). Several studies have challenged the neoclassical assumption that any desired investment project can be financed2. Asymmetric information3 about the quality of a loan could lead to credit rationing, implying that not all borrowers seeking loans at the prevailing cost of capital may be able to obtain financing (e.g, Greenwald, Stiglitz and Weiss, 1984). Consequently, firms tend to rely on internal sources of funds to finance investment, and to prefer debt to equity if external financing is required4. A further theoretical development was the introduction of irreversibility and uncertainty in explaining investment behaviour. This literature demonstrates that the ability to delay an irreversible investment expenditure can profoundly affect the decision to invest (Dixit, 1989; Pindyck, 1991:1110). Firms have an i ncentive to postpone irreversible investment while they wait or new information which makes the future less uncertain (Bernanke, 1983; Cukierman, 1980). The development literature has long been concerned with investment, because of its importance for the rate of growth of per capita output in the economy (Dornbusch and Reynoso, 1989:204; Fei and Ranis, 1963:283; IMF, 1988). Although empirical models of the determinants of investment in developing countries are in broad agreement with results obtained for industrialised countries, there are additional factors which have been found to constrain capital accumulation. Most of these are related to the problem of uncertainty and/or risk, which acts as a disincentive to private investment, because of the irreversible nature of most investment expenditures (Pindyck, 1991). Inflation reduces private investment by increasing risk, reducing average lending maturities, distorting the informational content of relative prices, and indicating macroeconomic instability (Dornbusch and Reynoso, 1989:206-208; Oshikoya, 1994:585,590). Empirical studies show that the variability of inflation has a stronger negative effect on private investment than does the level (Serven and Solimano, 1993:137). Large external debt burdens also have a strong disincentive effect on private investment, especially short-term debt (Faruqee, 1992:52). Debt-service payments reduce the domestic resources available for investment, and poor international creditworthiness reduces access to foreign savings5. For domestic investors, the existence of a large debt overhang reduces the future returns to investment because a high proportion of the forthcoming returns must be used to repay existing debt (Borensztein, 1990:315). A debt overhang is also a major source of uncertainty: the size of future transfers to creditors is uncertain; macroeconomic policy is uncertain; and the exchange rate is uncertain. The combined risks of changes in relative prices, taxation and aggregate demand reduces investment by both domestic and foreign entrepreneurs. Whatever the cause, the irreversibility of real capital expenditures can result in underinvestment if the future is uncertain, even when current conditions are righ t (Tornell, 1990). During macroeconomic adjustment, the credibility of policy changes is an added problem (Rodrik,1989), and the possibility of policy reversal can have serious consequences for real private capital expenditures. Investors prefer to hold financial capital, which is easier to realise if conditions turn out to be adverse, and which retains the option to purchase real capital if optimism continues. For this reason, there are frequently long lags in the investment response to adjustment(Serven and Solimano, 1993:131,137). Several studies report the effects of changes in the real exchange rate6 and the terms of trade7 on investment. These studies generally find that the variability of the real exchange rate is usually Some researchers support the notion that FDI contributes to the productivity and growth of local enterprises. Blomstrom and Sjoholm( 1998) are of the opinion that the productivity and growth of local enterprises could be achieved through spill over effects/externalities from FDI. This is achieved as the Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) either introduce superior technology of through the marketing activities of MNEs that affect the market equilibrium forcing local operators to act in such way that they can retain their original market shares. Graham and Krugman (1995) indicates that competitive enterprises (MNEs) contribute to productivity and growth of the host nation by infusing technology, labour skills, management methods, and training into the host economy. Empirical research shows that FDI affects the economy of a host country in a variety of ways. Firstly, it provides the required capital and state -of -the- art technology that enhances economic growth in the host country (Caves,1996; Dunning, 1993; Blomstrom and Sjoholm, 1998; Smarzynska,2002; Akinkugbe ,2005). Secondly, it augments the skills of the host nations and thus stimulates growth through the infusion of managerial, labour skills and training (de Mello,1999). Thirdly it promotes the technological upgrading, regarding start- up, marketing , and licensing arrangements (de Mello and Sinclair , 1995 ; Markusen and Venables ,1999). FDI is thus seen as a catalyst to the host nations economic growth and development as it enhances technological process and promotes industrial development (Asheghian, 2004). In addition, FDI can be expected to encourage economic growth of the host nation, given the prevailing view that MNEs can complement the local industry and stimulate growth and welfare in the host nations (Grossman and Helpman, 1991; Barro and Sala-i-Martin, 1995). The major determinants of the host countrys economic development and growth is the economic environment portrayed by its rate of economic growth , trade policy, political stability, legislation , domestic market size and balance of payments constraints (Caves, 1996; de Mello, 1999; Dunning, 1993)- the political economy of the nation . These factors may inevitably influence the decision of foreign investors (MNEs ) on the possible choice of a viable investment location (Akinkugbe, 2005). Dunnings (1981, 1988) electric theory provides a flexible and popular framework where it is argued that Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is determined by three sets of advantages which direct investment should have over the other institutional mechanisms available for a firm in satisfying the needs of its customers at home and abroad. The first of the advantages is the ownership specific one which includes the advantage that the firm has over its rivals in terms of its brand name, patent or knowledge of technology and marketing. This allows firms to compete with the other firms in the markets it serves regardless of the disadvantages of being foreign. The second is the internationalisation advantage, that is why a bundled FDI approach is preferred to unbundled product licensing, capital lending or technical assistance (Wheeler and Mody, 1992). The location-specific advantages relate to the importance for the firm to operate and invest in the host country and are those advantages that make the chosen foreign country a more attractive site for FDI than the others. For instance firms may invest in production facilities in foreign markets because transportation costs are too high to serve these markets through exports. This could either be directly related to the actual nature of the good, either being a high bulk item or a service that needs to be provided on site, or due to policy factors such as tariff rates, import restrictions, or issues of market access that makes physical investment advantageous over serving the market through exports. Location advantage also embodies other characteristic (economic, institutional and political) such as large domestic markets, availability of natural resources, an educated labor force, low labor cost, good institutions (the clarity of countrys law, efficiency of bureaucracy and the absen ce of corruption), political stability, corporate and other tax rates among others. Bende-Nabende and Slater (1998) investigate both the short-run and long-run locational determinants of FDI under the broad categories of cost-related, investment environment improving and other macroeconomic factors. The short-run dynamics indicate that European investment in the Thai manufacturing sector has been more responsive to the macroeconomic factors. The long-run dynamics on the other hand suggest that European investment has been more responsive to the investment environment improving factors. In particular, there is evidence to suggest that the Thai manufacturing sector is losing its cost-related comparative advantage. Dar, Presley and Malik (2004) studied the causality and long-term relationship between Foreign Dirct Investment (FDI), economic growth and other socio-political determinants. Although a considerable literature gives the evidence of relationship between FDI and economic growth. Their paper considers economic growth, exchange rate and level of interest rates, unemployment, and political stability as determinants of the level of FDI inflows for Pakistan over the period 1970-2002. Almost all variables are found to have the theoretically expected signs with two-way causality relationship. The present study also estimates an error correction model by ordinary least squares, based on cointegrating VAR (2). Nunnenen (2002) argues that there is a startling gap between, allegedly, globalization-induced changes in international competition for foreign direct investment (FDI) and recent empirical evidence on the relative importance of determinants of FDI in developing countries. He shows that surprisingly little has changed since the late 1980s. Traditional market-related determinants are still dominant factors. Among non-traditional FDI determinants, only the availability of local skills has clearly gained importance. As concerns the interface between trade policy and FDI, he finds that the tariff jumping motive for FDI had lost much of its relevance well before globalization became a hotly debated issue. Artige and Nicolini (2005) analyse the determinants of FDI (foreign direct investment) inflows for a group of European regions. The originality of their approach lies in the use of disaggregated regional data. First, they develop a qualitative description of their database and discuss the importance of the macroeconomic determinants in attracting FDI. Then, they provide an econometric exercise to identify the potential determinants of FDI. In spite of choosing regions presenting economic similarities, they show that regional FDI inflows rely on a combination of factors that differs from one region to another. Bà ©nassy-Quà ©rà ©, Coupet and Mayer (2007) re-examine the role of institutions in the host and in the source country by estimating a gravity equation for bilateral FDI stocks that includes governance indicators for the two countries. Second, they tackle multicollinearity and endogeneity bias by implementing a three-stage procedure for instrumentation and orthogonalisation. Third, they look further into the detail of institutions by using a new database constructed by the French Ministry of Finance network in 52 foreign countries. This database is used to point out in some detail the relevant institutional features. Its country coverage, which focuses on developing countries, is very helpful for studying the impact of the institutional environment of the host country. It does not allow, however, going deeply into the impact of the institutional environment in the source country as well as into the impact of institutional distance. Hence they complement our analysis with estimatio ns based on the Fraser database, which provides fewer details on institutions, albeit on a more balanced country coverage between industrial and developing countries. Finally, they study the impact of institutional distance on bilateral FDI. Onyeiwu and Shrestha (2004) argues that despite economic and institutional reform in Africa during the past decade, the flow of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to the region continues to be disappointing and uneven. In their study they use the fixed and random effects models to explore whether the stylized determinants of FDI affect FDI flows to Africa in conventional ways. Based on a panel dataset for 29 African countries over the period 1975 to 1999, their paper identifies the following factors as significant for FDI flows to Africa: economic growth, inflation, openness of the economy, international reserves, and natural resource availability. Contrary to conventional wisdom, political rights and infrastructures were found to be unimportant for FDI flows to Africa. The significance of a variable for FDI flows to Africa was found to be dependent on whether country- and time-specific effects are fixed or stochastic. Nakamura and Oyama (1998) studied the macroeconomic determinants of FDI from Japan and the United States into East Asian countries, and the linkage between FDI and trade, and other macroeconomic variables. Their analysis focuses on the structural differences among East Asian counties and classifies them based on statistical tests of fixed effects models using panel data. This examination helps to clarify how Japanese and American multinational firms position their production bases in East Asian countries within their world marketing strategies. In order to avoid the problem of simultaneity among variables, they examine simultaneous equation models to confirm the validity of panel regression results. In their study they find that East Asian countries can be classified into four groups depending on FDI from Japan and other elasticities to macroeconomic variables, and this grouping almost coincides with their economic development stages. Moreover, they confirm that FDI from Japan into a ll the groups are strongly affected by changes in real bilateral exchange rates, but this is not always the case for FDI from the United States. Among different country groups, FDI into group 1 (Taiwan and Korea) responds positively to the Japanese capacity utilization, indicating their industries integration with the Japanese economy. Group 3 (Indonesia and the Philippines) shows that Japanese FDI is buoyed up by the yens appreciation against the U.S. dollar. FDI into group 4 (China and Malaysia) and, to a lesser extent, group 2 (Singapore and Thailand) is oriented more toward capturing local markets compared to the other groups. They also find that Japanese FDI has strong trade expansion effects, which is rarely seen for U.S. FDI. With regards to research on the determinants of FDI to Africa there appears to be a dearth of literature. A Search on the Econlit database using Foreign Direct Investment and Africa as keywords yielded the other two reffered journal articles on the Determinants of FDI to Africa. One of the papers, Schoeman et al (2000), analyses how government policy (mainly deficits and taxes) affects FDI. However, their analysis focuses on one country, South Africa. The Second paper , Asiedu (2002) examines whether the factors that drive FDI in developing countries have a different impact on for countries in Sub Sahara Africa (SSA). However, the analysis focuses only on three variables the return on investment, infrastructure availability and openness to trade, and does not take into account the natural resource availability , which is an important determinant of FDI to Africa. Another paper that focuses exclusively on Africa is Morisset (2000). Unlike Asiedu (2002), Morisset (2000) controls for natural resource availability , measured by the sum of primary and secondary sectors , minus manufacturing. However, this measure of natural resources is too broad and does not accurately capture the availability of minerals and oil, the most important types of natural resources relevant for FDI to SSA. In addition none of the studies examine the impact of some of the important variables that feature predominantly in investor surveys, such as corruption and regulatory framework in the host country. This research extends the limited to empirical literature on the determinants of FDI to Africa by examining the extent to which the economic, political, institutional characteristics of a country, as well as the policy environment affect FDI flows. Nunnekamp (2002) sought to assess whether determinants of FDI have changed with globalisation i.e whether traditional determinants are losing importance whilst non traditional ones are increasingly gaining importance. Two approaches were adopted, namely survey data from European Round Table of Industrialists ( ERT 2000) and simple correlation for 28 developing countries. Market size (proxied by host countrys population and level of GDP ) as a traditional determinant of FDI is said to have declined in importance over time. Other factors such as location, cost differences, qualities of infrastructure, ease of doing business and the availability of skills measured by average years of schooling have become increasingly important as non-traditional determinants of FDI (Nunnekamp 2002:16) The survey results were supplemented by World Bank Data on variables that are considered important FDI determinants. Results show that traditional market related determinants still dominate determinants of FDI distribution among the countries considered (Nunnekamp 2002:24). Non traditional determinants such as cost factors, and trade openness , measured by ratio of exports plus imports to GDP, have typically not become more important with globalisation. Of importance is the availability of skills which is proxied by average years of schooling, which has become a relevant pull factor of FDI in the process of globalisation (Nunnekamp 2002:35). An analysis of a developing country by (Tsai 1991) focused on Taiwan by providing demand size determinants of FDI using time series data. Tsai (1991:279) employed OLS method using equations in logarithm form. Two equations were specified, i.e first on the demand size determinants and the second using variables as ratio of GDP to eliminate possible side of influences. A dummy variable was used to assess the impact of government incentive polices on FDI in different periods. Tsai (1991:276) suggests that for Taiwan only labour cost, market size and government incentive policies are important demand size determinants. Although FDI is seen to exploit cheap labour in developing countries, the case of Taiwan seems to show that growth in FDI with rising labour costs indicates the cheap labour may not be as important as expected. No clear evidence was found to support the expectation that government incentive policies were effective in attracting FDI to Taiwan. An interesting finding in Tsai (1991:279) is that Taiwans relatively outstanding economic performance as reflected in the expanding domestic market and ever increasing per capita GDP during 1965-1985 was not particularly attractive to foreign investors. As Tsai argues, this could be attributed to FDI being used supply side determined rather than demand side or perhaps non- economic factors outweigh the investment incentives. It is generally believed that factors determine FDI inflow in developing countries could have a different impact on SSA countries in particular . This is because developing countries outside Africa seem to attract huge FDI inflow while SSA attracts low levels of FDI as discussed by Asiedu (2002). Another study in Africa by Obwona (2001) investigated the FDI-growth linkage for Uganda. Obwona used the investor surveys approach and econometric tests. Using investor surveys, both local and foreign investors were directly questioned regarding their decisions and decision making processes when investing in Uganda (Obwona 2001:55). The focus was on productive investment, as such purely commercial and consulting activities were excluded. For econometric tests , time series data was used for the period 1975-1991to estimate the determinants of FDI and growth. Findings from the survey showed that increased foreign investment was a result of a conducive investment environment provided by government though its policies and institutions (Obwona 2001:56). The author concludes that from the investors surveyed, foreign investors are primarily concerned with fundamental factors, i.e a stable macroeconomic and political situation and credible policy reforms. For Uganda , Obwona considered pull factors such as growth factors , liberalised exchange rate, low inflation and fiscal discipline. The major determinants are availability and cost of natural and human resources, adequacy of infrastructure , market size, trade policies, macro stability, economic growth and political stability (Obwona 2001:62). The importance of each of these variables , however depends on the type of investment and motivations or strategy of investors. Obwona (2001:62) agrees with other researchers, such as Nunnekamp (2002) that given the shifts in the type of investment, the availability of low cost unskilled labour in location decisions has declined over time. This has meant more emphasis on skilled labour or the trainability of workers. Furthermore, two notable studies by Moolman et al (2006) and Fedderke and Romm (2004) have focused on determinants of Inward FDI to South Africa. Moolman et al (2006) sought to examine the macroeconomic link between FDI in South Africa and its resultant impact on output for the period 1970-2003. In so doing, they initially identified supply side determinants of FDI before analysing their impact on output. Their research method follows the supply side macro econometric framework, which does not take into account the demand side determinants that are equally important as well. On Model specification , five variables were explored as explanatory variables for FDI in the empirical estimation, namely, market size measured by real GDP, exchange rate proxied by the rand-dollar exchange rate , infrastructure, openness and a dummy variable for sanctions. The empirical results of Moolman et al (2006:3) indicate that market size, openness, infrastructure and the nominal exchange rate are factors which South African policy makers should focus on when seeking to attract FDI. The FDI output link does not take other factors such as increased employment , improved skills and new management techniques into account (Moolman et al 2006:29). After thorough investigation and studies, it was found out that only market size and openness are common factor determining FDI. The role of exchange rate is an important determinant of foreign investment in most countries. Particularly for South Africa, it should be considered whether it could be an important FDI determinant. Studies from developing countries have also identified other factors that should be considered as in the case of South Africa as those of Loots (2000) and Ahmed et al (2005).